Anthropology Exam #2

Ambilocal -

couple chooses either matrilocal or patrilocal residence

In the Nayar, the second husband is

family approved sexual liaison...gifts 3x year

Nuclear -

group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children

Polygyny-

marriage of a man to two or more women at one time

Polyandry-

marriage of a woman to two or more men at one time

Same-Sex Marriage-

1. Woman - Woman Marriage • Nandi 2. Same - Sex Marriage • in the Western world

ambilineal descent

a person has the option of either affiliating with the father's OR mother's descent group • very flexible system • but flexibility often leads to dispute and conflict as unilineal groups compete for members (who's available for marriage)

General- US includes:

mother and father, grandmother, grandfather, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, cousin

With the Trobriand Islanders, they are considered Socially acceptable and considered

necessary

Cousin - Marriage-

often matrilateral (mother's side)

Matrilineal descent is the same on descent through the male line but different from the

patrilineal system in that it does not automatically sign gender authority

Polygyny: In societies where men do the work (pastoral societies), women have not much

power

Polygyny: In some societies, men take an extra wife for

prestigious reasons to show off wealth

In the Nayar, the 1st ritual husband is at the beginning of

puberty --> the girl becomes and adult

Biological Sex:

refers to male and female identity based on internal and external sex organs and chromosomes. While male and female are the most common biological sexes, a percentage of the human population is intersex with ambiguous or mixed biological sex characteristics.

Affinal kin-

relatives by marriage

Same-sex Marriage in the Western World Differs from Nandi case in that it does include

sex

Household-

the basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out

Gender:

the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.

Polygyny is economically expensive because

the man must compensate wife's family

Sexual dimorphism:

the phenotypical differences between the males and females of a species

Polygyny is common in

traditional food producing societies (where women do much of the work)

Patrilineal descent includes lineage called the

tsu

Extended -

two or more nuclear families clustered together into larger domestic group

Family-

two or more people related by blood, marriage or adoption

Culturally created intersex categories:

• Eunuch • castrati

Other types of marriage:

• Group marriage (Eskimo) • Fictive marriage• Marriage by proxy (Nuer) • Ghost marriage (Christian nuns) • Marriage by proxy (U.S.) • Double proxy marriage (U.S.)

Hawaiian System

• Siblings of ego's mother and father are also called mother and father • their children (Ego's cousins) are called brother and sisters as well • Focuses on generational differences

Bilateral Descent:

• descent derives from both mother's and father's families EQUALLY • traced from all ancestors, regardless of gender or side of family

Specific - Other Societies includes:

• mother, father • mother's brother • parallel cousin, cross cousin

Intersex-

a person born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male.

With the Trobriand Islanders, Sexual exploration begins in

early teens

Consanguineal-

family by blood of related women, their brothers and the women's offspring

Conjugal-

family established through marriage

Same-sex marriage among the Nandi:

- Men control property (only males inherit) - Polygyny is the preferred from of marriage

3 functions of the tsu

-Children -Woman -Inheritance

Membership in a descent group:

-Defined by a parent-child link -Includes obligations and taboos -Provides wider social network (food, shelter, etc) -Descent mutate sharply defined to support a kin-ordered society -Membership is restricted in a number of ways

Why do we need marriage?

-Marriage creates social support networks -Marriage controls sexual relations

Monogamy-

Both partners have one spouse at the same time

Clan-

Extended unilineal kinship group, often consisting of several lineages, whose members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythical. -group of families with a common ancestor

Sologamy-

Marriage of one individual to her/himself

The Nayar is located in

Kerala, southwest India

Polyandry is often legal in

Patrilineal Societies

Consanguineal kin-

blood relatives

Double Descent-

descent is traced both matrilineally and patrilineally at the SAME time

Hopi of the northeast live in

pueblos

Personal Naming and Naming Ceremonies:

• Aymara • Icelanders • Hopi • Navajo

Gender stereotypes and gender ideology:

• Egg and the sperm • Man the hunter - woman the gatherer

Alternate Genders-

-Two spirit -Hijra -Muxe

Polygyny Legal Arrangements:

-levirate -Sororal polygeny

Choice of spouse:

1. Arranged Marriage 2. Cousin Marriage 3. Same Sex Marriage

2 forms of family:

1. Conjugal 2. Consanguineal 3. Nuclear 4. Extended

Functions of Kinship Terms

1. Group similar individuals in specific categories (aunt/uncle) 2. Separate other individuals into different categories (father/grandfather)

First and Second Importance of Kinship

1. Interacting with neighbors 2. Claiming support and protections from individuals of another group

The 3 kinship systems:

1. Iroquois system 2. Hawaiian system 3. Eskimo System

5 main types of marriage:

1. Monogamy 2. Polygamy 3. Polygyny 4.Polyandry 5. Sologamy

Iroquois System includes two types of cousins:

1. Parallel cousins 2. Cross Cousins

The 4 Residence Patters:

1. Patrilocal 2. Matrilocal 3. Ambilocal 4. Neolocal

The kindred:

1. organized with Ego at center--> not a true descent group 2. used in North America/ Europe--> kindred= relatives 3. not clearly bound and not a direct as lineages 4. not self-perpetuating 5. has no leader, cannot hold power or property 6. can be turned to for aid (non-western societies raiding or trading can be done with kindred) 7. ceremonial groups for rites of passage initiation ceremonies etc. 8. can feud together, marriage is exogamous

The 4 types of descent are-

1. unilineal 2.Bilateral 3.Ambilineal 4.Double Descent

Third and Fourth Importance of Kinship

3. Important defense against human or natural disasters 4. Sharing rights to natural resources

Fifth and Sixth importance of kinship

5. Means of providing cooperative workforce for tasks that require more participants than one household 6. Pulling together for support for self-defense against outside aggressors or to attack others over land or other resources.

Transgender-

A category of people who identify as a different gender that the one that was assigned to them at birth. This may entail a social transition or a physical one

Bilateral kinship and the larger cultural system- the Kindred-

An individual's close blood relatives on the maternal and paternal sidesof his or her family

Descent Group

Any kin-ordered social group with a membership in the direct line of descent from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor.

Polygyny is legal where?

England

Eskimo System is apart of what system?

Bilateral System

Eskimo System is

Common in Western societies

Unilineal Descent

Descent that establishes group membership exclusively either through the male or female line.

Kinship Term- 'Other Societies'-

Distinguish different relatives with specific names

The 2 Types of Kinship Terminology:

General- US Specific - Other Societies

An example of patrilineal descent is the

Han Chinese

Masculine

Hard, aggressive, strong, loud, physical, tough, competitive, sports oriented, testosterone driven, unemotional

Serial Monogamy-

High divorce rate and remarrying

Example of Matrilineal Descent are the

Hopi of Northeast Arizona

In the nayar, Women may have more than one

Husband

Levirate-

If husband dies wives married deceased brother

Unilineal Kinship Groups:

Lineage Clan Phraty Patrilineal Matrilineal

Kinship Term- 'United States'-

More specific kinship terms focus on the nuclear family (mother, father, brother sister, son, daughter)

Is polygyny legal in the US?

No

Polygamy-

One individual having multiple spouses at the same time

Arranged Marriage-

Parents choose the spouse for their children

Dowry-

Payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or her husband

Feminine

Soft, emotional, irrational, nurturing, gentle, kind, loving, persuasive, smart, talkative, enticing

Same-sex Marriage in the Western World is legal in

Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Canada and in the US

In matrilineal descent, Weak social ties between husband and wife, brothers and sisters have

Stronger bonds than marital ties

Self-awareness:

The ability to identify oneself as an individual to reflect on oneself, and to evaluate oneself.

In the Nayar, Children need to be acknowledged by

The husband (gifts to wife, midwife)

Rules of Marriage - Incest taboos

The prohibition of sex between certain close relatives

Chromosomes and hormones are apart of sex (T/F)

True

Double Descent is a very rare system (T/F)

True

In the matrilineal descent group, women do not have exclusive authority in their descent group, Its shared with men (brothers) (T/F)

True

Monogamy is the most common in the world (T/F)

True

Polyandry is less common than polygyny (T/F)

True

Sex is biology (T/F)

True

Polygynous households create

Wealth

In Matrilineal Descent, A man belongs to his mother's descent group, but his children belong with his

Wifes descent group

Sororal polygeny-

a man marries a set of sisters

Kinship

a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations

Phratry-

a unilineal descent group composed of at least two clans that supposedly share a common ancestry, whether or not they really do

Lineage

a unilineal kinship group descended from a common ancestor or founder who lived four to six generations ago, and in which relationships among members can be exactly stated in genealogical terms

In the Nayar, the husband has no obligations towards raising the

child

Patrilocal-

couple resides in husband's father's residence

Matrilocal -

couple resides in wife's mother's residence

Cross cousins-

cousins of different sex sibling of mother or father

Parallel cousins-

cousins of same sex sibling of mother or father

Bride Service-

designated period of time after marriage when the groom works for the bride's family

(Unilineal) Authority over children rests with

father

(Unilineal) A woman Belongs to the same descent group as her

father but her children do not

(Unilineal) Brothers and sisters belong to the descent group of their

fathers father

Same-sex marriage among the Nandi: Older woman with no sons may become a

female husband to a young woman who provides heir

Matrilineal Descent is traced only through the

female line to establish group membership

Trobriand Islanders gain experience in sex but also in

forming relationships

(Unilineal) Lineage is traced only through the male line to establish

group members

In matrilineal descent, Mother's brother contributes work and food to the

household not the husband

With the Trobriand Islanders, settling on a partner and declaration of marriage is very

informal

Hyper-femininity:

is a response to the social change challenging traditional femininity through the adoption of exaggerated stereotypical traits. It is an extreme version of traditional femininity and emphasizes the value of the female look and the advantages it can deliver in an image-obsessed, Instagram-first world, encouraging women to 'own' their bodies.

Eskimo System focuses on

kinship distance

In the eskimo system, the nuclear family is the

main social and economic unit

(Unilineal) Male members trace descent through

male forefathers

Exogamy-

marriage outside a specific group of people (lineage, clan, etc.)

Endogamy-

marriage within a specific group of people (cousins, in-laws, lineage, clans, social class, religion etc.)

Neolocal-

married couple establishes household in location apart from either husband's or wife's relatives

Eskimo System does not focus on

matrilineal or patrilineal descent

Bride- price-

money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride's family upon marriage. Also called bride wealth