Anthropology Exam #2
Ambilocal -
couple chooses either matrilocal or patrilocal residence
In the Nayar, the second husband is
family approved sexual liaison...gifts 3x year
Nuclear -
group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children
Polygyny-
marriage of a man to two or more women at one time
Polyandry-
marriage of a woman to two or more men at one time
Same-Sex Marriage-
1. Woman - Woman Marriage • Nandi 2. Same - Sex Marriage • in the Western world
ambilineal descent
a person has the option of either affiliating with the father's OR mother's descent group • very flexible system • but flexibility often leads to dispute and conflict as unilineal groups compete for members (who's available for marriage)
General- US includes:
mother and father, grandmother, grandfather, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, cousin
With the Trobriand Islanders, they are considered Socially acceptable and considered
necessary
Cousin - Marriage-
often matrilateral (mother's side)
Matrilineal descent is the same on descent through the male line but different from the
patrilineal system in that it does not automatically sign gender authority
Polygyny: In societies where men do the work (pastoral societies), women have not much
power
Polygyny: In some societies, men take an extra wife for
prestigious reasons to show off wealth
In the Nayar, the 1st ritual husband is at the beginning of
puberty --> the girl becomes and adult
Biological Sex:
refers to male and female identity based on internal and external sex organs and chromosomes. While male and female are the most common biological sexes, a percentage of the human population is intersex with ambiguous or mixed biological sex characteristics.
Affinal kin-
relatives by marriage
Same-sex Marriage in the Western World Differs from Nandi case in that it does include
sex
Household-
the basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out
Gender:
the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.
Polygyny is economically expensive because
the man must compensate wife's family
Sexual dimorphism:
the phenotypical differences between the males and females of a species
Polygyny is common in
traditional food producing societies (where women do much of the work)
Patrilineal descent includes lineage called the
tsu
Extended -
two or more nuclear families clustered together into larger domestic group
Family-
two or more people related by blood, marriage or adoption
Culturally created intersex categories:
• Eunuch • castrati
Other types of marriage:
• Group marriage (Eskimo) • Fictive marriage• Marriage by proxy (Nuer) • Ghost marriage (Christian nuns) • Marriage by proxy (U.S.) • Double proxy marriage (U.S.)
Hawaiian System
• Siblings of ego's mother and father are also called mother and father • their children (Ego's cousins) are called brother and sisters as well • Focuses on generational differences
Bilateral Descent:
• descent derives from both mother's and father's families EQUALLY • traced from all ancestors, regardless of gender or side of family
Specific - Other Societies includes:
• mother, father • mother's brother • parallel cousin, cross cousin
Intersex-
a person born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male.
With the Trobriand Islanders, Sexual exploration begins in
early teens
Consanguineal-
family by blood of related women, their brothers and the women's offspring
Conjugal-
family established through marriage
Same-sex marriage among the Nandi:
- Men control property (only males inherit) - Polygyny is the preferred from of marriage
3 functions of the tsu
-Children -Woman -Inheritance
Membership in a descent group:
-Defined by a parent-child link -Includes obligations and taboos -Provides wider social network (food, shelter, etc) -Descent mutate sharply defined to support a kin-ordered society -Membership is restricted in a number of ways
Why do we need marriage?
-Marriage creates social support networks -Marriage controls sexual relations
Monogamy-
Both partners have one spouse at the same time
Clan-
Extended unilineal kinship group, often consisting of several lineages, whose members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythical. -group of families with a common ancestor
Sologamy-
Marriage of one individual to her/himself
The Nayar is located in
Kerala, southwest India
Polyandry is often legal in
Patrilineal Societies
Consanguineal kin-
blood relatives
Double Descent-
descent is traced both matrilineally and patrilineally at the SAME time
Hopi of the northeast live in
pueblos
Personal Naming and Naming Ceremonies:
• Aymara • Icelanders • Hopi • Navajo
Gender stereotypes and gender ideology:
• Egg and the sperm • Man the hunter - woman the gatherer
Alternate Genders-
-Two spirit -Hijra -Muxe
Polygyny Legal Arrangements:
-levirate -Sororal polygeny
Choice of spouse:
1. Arranged Marriage 2. Cousin Marriage 3. Same Sex Marriage
2 forms of family:
1. Conjugal 2. Consanguineal 3. Nuclear 4. Extended
Functions of Kinship Terms
1. Group similar individuals in specific categories (aunt/uncle) 2. Separate other individuals into different categories (father/grandfather)
First and Second Importance of Kinship
1. Interacting with neighbors 2. Claiming support and protections from individuals of another group
The 3 kinship systems:
1. Iroquois system 2. Hawaiian system 3. Eskimo System
5 main types of marriage:
1. Monogamy 2. Polygamy 3. Polygyny 4.Polyandry 5. Sologamy
Iroquois System includes two types of cousins:
1. Parallel cousins 2. Cross Cousins
The 4 Residence Patters:
1. Patrilocal 2. Matrilocal 3. Ambilocal 4. Neolocal
The kindred:
1. organized with Ego at center--> not a true descent group 2. used in North America/ Europe--> kindred= relatives 3. not clearly bound and not a direct as lineages 4. not self-perpetuating 5. has no leader, cannot hold power or property 6. can be turned to for aid (non-western societies raiding or trading can be done with kindred) 7. ceremonial groups for rites of passage initiation ceremonies etc. 8. can feud together, marriage is exogamous
The 4 types of descent are-
1. unilineal 2.Bilateral 3.Ambilineal 4.Double Descent
Third and Fourth Importance of Kinship
3. Important defense against human or natural disasters 4. Sharing rights to natural resources
Fifth and Sixth importance of kinship
5. Means of providing cooperative workforce for tasks that require more participants than one household 6. Pulling together for support for self-defense against outside aggressors or to attack others over land or other resources.
Transgender-
A category of people who identify as a different gender that the one that was assigned to them at birth. This may entail a social transition or a physical one
Bilateral kinship and the larger cultural system- the Kindred-
An individual's close blood relatives on the maternal and paternal sidesof his or her family
Descent Group
Any kin-ordered social group with a membership in the direct line of descent from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor.
Polygyny is legal where?
England
Eskimo System is apart of what system?
Bilateral System
Eskimo System is
Common in Western societies
Unilineal Descent
Descent that establishes group membership exclusively either through the male or female line.
Kinship Term- 'Other Societies'-
Distinguish different relatives with specific names
The 2 Types of Kinship Terminology:
General- US Specific - Other Societies
An example of patrilineal descent is the
Han Chinese
Masculine
Hard, aggressive, strong, loud, physical, tough, competitive, sports oriented, testosterone driven, unemotional
Serial Monogamy-
High divorce rate and remarrying
Example of Matrilineal Descent are the
Hopi of Northeast Arizona
In the nayar, Women may have more than one
Husband
Levirate-
If husband dies wives married deceased brother
Unilineal Kinship Groups:
Lineage Clan Phraty Patrilineal Matrilineal
Kinship Term- 'United States'-
More specific kinship terms focus on the nuclear family (mother, father, brother sister, son, daughter)
Is polygyny legal in the US?
No
Polygamy-
One individual having multiple spouses at the same time
Arranged Marriage-
Parents choose the spouse for their children
Dowry-
Payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or her husband
Feminine
Soft, emotional, irrational, nurturing, gentle, kind, loving, persuasive, smart, talkative, enticing
Same-sex Marriage in the Western World is legal in
Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Canada and in the US
In matrilineal descent, Weak social ties between husband and wife, brothers and sisters have
Stronger bonds than marital ties
Self-awareness:
The ability to identify oneself as an individual to reflect on oneself, and to evaluate oneself.
In the Nayar, Children need to be acknowledged by
The husband (gifts to wife, midwife)
Rules of Marriage - Incest taboos
The prohibition of sex between certain close relatives
Chromosomes and hormones are apart of sex (T/F)
True
Double Descent is a very rare system (T/F)
True
In the matrilineal descent group, women do not have exclusive authority in their descent group, Its shared with men (brothers) (T/F)
True
Monogamy is the most common in the world (T/F)
True
Polyandry is less common than polygyny (T/F)
True
Sex is biology (T/F)
True
Polygynous households create
Wealth
In Matrilineal Descent, A man belongs to his mother's descent group, but his children belong with his
Wifes descent group
Sororal polygeny-
a man marries a set of sisters
Kinship
a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations
Phratry-
a unilineal descent group composed of at least two clans that supposedly share a common ancestry, whether or not they really do
Lineage
a unilineal kinship group descended from a common ancestor or founder who lived four to six generations ago, and in which relationships among members can be exactly stated in genealogical terms
In the Nayar, the husband has no obligations towards raising the
child
Patrilocal-
couple resides in husband's father's residence
Matrilocal -
couple resides in wife's mother's residence
Cross cousins-
cousins of different sex sibling of mother or father
Parallel cousins-
cousins of same sex sibling of mother or father
Bride Service-
designated period of time after marriage when the groom works for the bride's family
(Unilineal) Authority over children rests with
father
(Unilineal) A woman Belongs to the same descent group as her
father but her children do not
(Unilineal) Brothers and sisters belong to the descent group of their
fathers father
Same-sex marriage among the Nandi: Older woman with no sons may become a
female husband to a young woman who provides heir
Matrilineal Descent is traced only through the
female line to establish group membership
Trobriand Islanders gain experience in sex but also in
forming relationships
(Unilineal) Lineage is traced only through the male line to establish
group members
In matrilineal descent, Mother's brother contributes work and food to the
household not the husband
With the Trobriand Islanders, settling on a partner and declaration of marriage is very
informal
Hyper-femininity:
is a response to the social change challenging traditional femininity through the adoption of exaggerated stereotypical traits. It is an extreme version of traditional femininity and emphasizes the value of the female look and the advantages it can deliver in an image-obsessed, Instagram-first world, encouraging women to 'own' their bodies.
Eskimo System focuses on
kinship distance
In the eskimo system, the nuclear family is the
main social and economic unit
(Unilineal) Male members trace descent through
male forefathers
Exogamy-
marriage outside a specific group of people (lineage, clan, etc.)
Endogamy-
marriage within a specific group of people (cousins, in-laws, lineage, clans, social class, religion etc.)
Neolocal-
married couple establishes household in location apart from either husband's or wife's relatives
Eskimo System does not focus on
matrilineal or patrilineal descent
Bride- price-
money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride's family upon marriage. Also called bride wealth