Final

In a haploid cell how many alleles for a single gene can you expect at most? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5

a. 1

_______________ are similar anatomical features in different species that do not have a known common ancestor. a) analogies b) homologies

a. Analogies

The casparian strip at the endodermis blocks which pathway? (a) Apoplastic (b) Symplastic

a. Apoplastic

When a type of pigeon is hunted almost to extinction, the resulting survivors form a population. This population is less genetically diverse than the original population. This is an example best described by a) Bottleneck effect b) Stabilizing selection c) Artificial selection d) Founder effect e) Catastrophism

a. Bottleneck effect

In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition? a) Bryophyta b) Gymnosperms c) Pterophyta d) Equisetae e) Lycophyta

a. Bryophyta

Gas exchange. In the leaf, plants likely need to take up more CO2 or O2? (a) CO2 (b) O2 (c) Neither nor

a. CO2

Root hairs occur in the zone of (a) Cell differentiation (b) Mature cells (c) Cell elongation (d) Cell division

a. Cell differentiation

What is the cell wall of hyphae made of? a) Chitin b) Cellulose c) Lipids d) Cytoplasm e) Plasma membrane

a. Chitin

Water molecules attract each other. Attraction between similar molecules is referred to as (a) cohesion (b) adhesion (c) hydrophilic (d) hydrophobic

a. Cohesion

The desert population of spiny cacti is under attack. Peccaries are eating those plants with low-spine-number causing their alleles to vanish from the gene pool and enriching the remaining gene pool in those alleles that create cacti with high- spine-numbers. What kind of selection do we observe? a) Directional selection b) Disruptive selection c) Frequency-dependent selection d) Stabilizing selection

a. Directional selection

What is 'true' about genetic drift? a) Genetic drift is based on random processes that can lead to unpredictable changes in allele frequencies in a population. b) It causes genetic drifts of alleles that mainly impact populations with a high number of individuals c) It is a condition that is necessary to keep a population in equilibrium with its gene frequencies. d) It requires drifting of genes within a genome to cause changes in allele frequencies in a population at random.

a. Genetic drift is based on random processes that can lead to unpredictable changes in allele frequencies in a population.

James Hutton proposed a) Gradualism b) Uniformitarianism c) Catastrophism d) Evolution e) Scala naturae

a. Gradualism

Archegonia and Antheridia are? (a) haploid (b) diploid (c) zygoid

a. Haploid

What statement is correct about the difference between a dependent and an independent variable? (a) Independent variables are the variables that the experimenter changes to test their dependent variable. A change in the independent variable directly causes a change in the dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable is measured and recordable. (b) A dependent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment. It represents the cause or reason for an outcome and thereby affects the independent variable.

a. Independent variables are the variables that the experimenter changes to test their dependent variable. A change in the independent variable directly causes a change in the dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable is measured and recordable.

Normally, the gametophyte a) Is haploid b) Is diploid c) None of the above

a. Is haploid

Taxonomy as Linnaeus developed it: a) is the classifying and grouping of similar organisms b) is the preferred term for Scala Naturae c) works only with fossils d) uses exclusively animals as a basis to explain the Creator's plan e) tries to explain evolutionary history

a. Is the classifying and grouping of similar organisms

What hypothesis is being tested in the lab-based oat coleoptile-auxin experiment? (a) It is hypothesized that auxin is synthesized in and transported from the tip of the coleoptile, which provides a positive signal for elongation growth. (b) It is hypothesized that cutting coleoptiles at the tip restores auxin flow, a requirement to promote elongation growth. (c) It is hypothesized that auxin is synthesized in and transported from the coleoptile tip to act as a growth inhibitor.

a. It is hypothesized that auxin is synthesized in and transported from the tip of the coleoptile, which provides a positive signal for elongation growth.

Why is heat stress dangerous for a cell? (a) It may cause proteins to denature which renders them non-functional (b) It generates a situation where plant cells suffocate from excessive water uptake (c) It leads to excessive photosynthetic activity, which on its own overheats surrounding cells and tissues (d) It causes a disruption of the xylem transport from shoot to root, which leads to an undersupply in the root cells of water and minerals

a. It may cause proteins to denature which renders them non-functional

In the lab computer simulation with the snails and European green crabs, what happened when there was no variation in the population, even though the crabs still chose the easiest ones they could find, and even though shell thickness was inherited? a) No shift in shell thickness was observed in the population b) The population shifted to thicker shells c) The population shifted to thinner shells d) The snails developed larger shells e) The snails developed smaller shells

a. No shift in shell thickness was observed in the population

Which supports the cohesion-tension theory? 1. Evaporation of water from a porous pot can exert a force that draws water up a glass tube 2. Droplets of water form at edges of leaves of plants growing in conditions of soil with high water content and air with high humidity 3. When a plant shoot is cut and removed close to the base of the stem, sap leaks out of the cut (a) Option 1 (b) Option 2 (c) Option 3 (d) All of the above (e) None of the above

a. Option 1

Which of the following statements is correct for 'phototropin' or 'phytochrome' photoreceptors with respect to the quality of light they sense, and the processes they control? (a) phytochromes perceive red light, and control morphology changes (b) phototropins perceive blue light, and control morphology changes (c) phytochromes perceive blue light, and control processes related to movement (d) phototropins perceive red light, and control processes related to movement

a. Phytochromes perceive red light, and control morphology changes

In plant mineral nutrition, elements are called macro or micro-elements depending upon their (a) Relative amount required in plants (b) Relative amount of transport to the leaf (c) Relative importance in plant growth (d) Relative availability in soil

a. Relative amount required in plants

Guttation is mainly due to? (a) root pressure (b) transpiration (c) osmosis (d) neutral pressure (e) symplastic transport

a. Root pressure

In the moss life cycle which of the following is NOT correct? a) The gametophyte is diploid. b) The male gametophyte produces the antheridia. c) The female gametophyte produces the archegonia. d) Fertilization occurs on the archegonium. e) Spores are produced in the sporangium.

a. The gametophyte is diploid.

What does systemic acquired resistance means? (a) This is a "whole-plant" resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen. (b) It is a system-specific response that is needed to provide local cellular resistance against pathogens and other stress-factors (c) It defines a situation in which a pathogen gains system-wide(hence systemic) resistance against the plant's immune response, and thereby a higher probability to successfully infect the plant over a wide range of tissues and organs.

a. This is a "whole-plant" resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen.

ATP in sugar transport is mainly needed for what? (a) to generate a proton gradient to allow co-transport of a sugar across a membrane (b) to cleave larger sugar molecules into shorter ones for easier transport (c) to allow respiration in mitochondria which is critical for sugar distribution in all living organisms (d) ATP accumulates in the apoplast and generates a chemical gradient that allows ATP/sugar co-transport (e) sugar transport is actually energy independent and does not require ATP at any step.

a. To generate a proton gradient to allow co-transport of a sugar across a membrane

If the water potential in the root of a plant is more positive than that in the soil, where does the water move to preferentially? (a) To the soil (b) To the root (c) Not at all (d) All of the above (e) None of the above

a. To the soil

The mistletoe is a photosynthetically active parasite. As a consequence, it at least needs what for survival from the host? (a) xylem sap (b) phloem sap (c) xylem and phloem sap (d) no sap at all, it just needs to sit on another plant and takes away the light

a. Xylem sap

Liverworts, mosses and hornworts are non-vascular plants that have what in common? (a) the gametophyte is the dominant generation (b) the sporophyte develops an embryo in sporangia (c) the fusion of haploid spores leads to a zygote (d) they are the first land plants with seeds

a. the gametophyte is the dominant generation

Infection of legume roots by rhizobia leads to nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. (a) true (b) false

a. true

Evidence indicates that plants increase the number of stomata in their leaves as atmospheric CO2 levels decline. Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area should have the effect of doing which of the following? 1. increasing dehydration of leaf tissues 2. decreasing dehydration of leaf tissues 3. countering the effect of declining CO2 on photosynthesis 4. reinforcing the effect of declining CO2 on photosynthesis a) 1 and 2 b) 1 and 3 c) 1 and 4 d) 2 and 3 e) 2 and 4

b. 1 and 3

If you reduce the stomata number in every leaf, how would that affect potentially the plant? (1) Photosynthesis is potentially reduced. (2) Plants will be more drought tolerant. (3) Sugar distribution will not work anymore. (4) Leaves may overheat. (a) All are correct (b) 1 and 4 are correct (c) 2 and 3 are correct (d) 2 and 4 are correct (e) 1 and 3 are correct

b. 1 and 4 are correct

You find a green, plant-like looking organism in a lake. You have a microscope and can carefully analyze it. What criteria would point out that you could exclude that it is a green algae? (1) After cell division, a phragmoplast forms (2) You find an apical meristem (3) The organism has vascular tissue (4) The plasma membrane contains rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes a) 1+2 b) 2+3 c) 3+4 d) 1+4

b. 2+3

Two rock squirrel species exist at either side of the Grand Canyon. There speciation process is most likely based on: a) mechanical isolation b) allopatric speciation c) habitat differentiation d) sympatric speciation e) reinforcement

b. Allopatric speciation

You find a dwarf plant mutant that is affected in either auxin signaling or auxin biosynthesis. Which approach will most likely tell you in what way the mutant is affected? (a) Light treatment in context with bending movement (b) Auxin application (c) Treatment with an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor (d) Cutting the shoot tip and watch growth

b. Auxin application

What is a key trait that plants have in common with the Charophyceae? a) Apical meristems b) Development of a phragmoplast c) Alternation of generation d) Walled spores produced in sporangia e) Multicellular gametangia

b. Development of a phragmoplast

What is the function of fleshy fruit in Angiosperm reproduction? a) Facilitates pollination b) Facilitates seed dispersal c) Protects the sperm from drying out

b. Facilitates seed dispersal

Sclerenchyma cells differ from parenchyma cells in what? (a) Parenchyma cells provide stability, sclerenchyma cells do not (b) Fully differentiated sclerenchyma cells are dead, and mainly provide support and stability, while parenchyma cells are living and participate, for example, in photosynthesis (c) Sclerenchyma cells are part of the dead xylem tissue and support long distance transport of water, parenchyma cells are mainly involved in photosynthesis (d) Photosynthes is mainly takes place in sclerenchyma cells (e) Parenchyma cells are part of the ground tissue, while sclerenchyma cells are part of the dermal tissue

b. Fully differentiated sclerenchyma calls are dead, and mainly provide support and stability, while parenchyma calls are living and participate, for example, in photosynthesis

Male northern elephant seals are five to six times heavier than the females, and fiercely fight for dominance over a harem of females. The extreme weight of the males and aggressive behavior is most likely the result of what? a) Frequency dependent selection b) Intrasexual selection c) Intersexual selection d) Genetic drift e) Artificial selection

b. Intrasexual selection

Which statement is true? (a) Roots gain length primarily through cell division (b) Roots gain length primarily through elongation growth

b. Roots gain length primarily through elongation growth

The oldest part of the tree is: (a) the bark (b) the heartwood (c) the cambium (d) the secondary phloem (e) the periderm

b. The heartwood

Transpiration is: (a) The movement of water up the xylem using osmosis (b) The loss of water vapor from areal parts of the plant due to evaporation.

b. The loss of water vapor from areal parts of the plant due to evaporation.

Xerophytes have long roots (a) due to light (b) to draw water from deep water beds (c) to give mechanical support (d) none of the above

b. To draw water from deep water beds

Which of the following statements is most likely true? (a) Active transport is ATP-independent (b) Water flows into the direction of the lowest water potential (c) Tracheids in the phloem facilitate active transport of water (d) Osmosis requires impermeable membranes (e) Water is transported actively against a concentration gradient by diffusion

b. Water flows into the direction of the lowest water potential

What does the enzyme 'nitrogenase' catalyze? (a) nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen (b) atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia (c) ammonia to atmospheric nitrogen (d) nitrate to ammonia

b. atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

Which of the following protective steps is likely the most successful one to protect against heat stress? (a) development of air tubes (b) expression of chaperone proteins (c) rapid systemic acquired resistance (d) increasing solute concentration in the cell (e) chloroplast movement

b. expression of chaperone proteins

What is the most likely reason salt stress is dangerous for a cell? (a) salt stress causes excessive water uptake into the cell (b) high salt content outside the cell may lead to water loss and plasmolysis of the cell (c) salt stress is dangerous for cells as they crystallize over time (d) salt causes a distraction of the cellular sensory system, which makes it impossible for them to distinguish between 'good' and 'bad' ions (e) salt stress is only dangerous in winter when most of the water is frozen

b. high salt content outside the cell may lead to water loss and plasmolysis of the cell

When two species both have similar anatomical structures that were inherited from the same ancestor that also had them, the similarities are referred to as being: a) homoplasies b) homologies c) neither of the above

b. homologies

What comprises the parts being alive in a plant tissue? (a) apoplast (b) symplast (c) symplast and apoplast

b. symplast

Coleoptile phototropism (1) involves a phytochrome receptor (2) is induced by blue light (3) is an auxin mediated phenomenon (4) is a phototropin mediated response (a) all are correct (b) 1, 2, and 3 are correct (c) 2, 3, and 4 are correct (d) none are correct

c. 2, 3, and 4 are correct

Which of the following statements is TRUE about artificial selection? a) Artificial selection requires natural selection b) New species are the product of artificial selection c) Artificial selection potentially favors traits that maybe detrimental under natural selection d) Adaptive evolution is not possible with artificial selection

c. Artificial selection potentially favors traits that maybe detrimental under natural selection

What are the three main tissues in a plant? (a) leaf, root, and stem tissue (b) flower, root hair, and fruit tissue (c) Dermal, vascular, ground tissue (d) Internode, node, and petiole tissue (e) They only have two tissues

c. Dermal, vascular, ground tissue

In which group did the vascular tissue first appear? a) Liverwort b) Moss c) Fern d) Gymnosperm e) Angiosperm

c. Fern

Plasmolysis is the cellular loss of water. How can a cell potentially prevent this? (a) Decreasing proton concentrations (b) Closing down the cell wall (c) Increasing the cytoplasmic solute concentration (d) Increasing the apoplastic solute concentration

c. Increasing the cytoplasmic solute concentration

Of the following, which is NOT part of Darwin's theory of natural selection? (a) Suitable variations in a population tend to be passed on while unsuitable variations in a population are not. (b) Species can produce more offspring than their environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce (c) Individuals with variations suitable to their environment have shorter life spans and produce fewer offspring.

c. Individuals with variations suitable to their environment have shorter life spans and produce fewer offspring.

Which of these best describes cation exchange in soils? (a) Cations are exchanged for anions on soil particles. (b) Cation exchange leads to an alkalic pH of the soil. (c) Mineral cations are displaced from soil particles by H+. (d) Plant root hairs take up cations. (e) Plant root hairs take up anions.

c. Mineral cations are displaced from soil particles by H+.

Ion allocation from the soil into the vascular system... (a) Is a passive process since they anyway stream into the direction of lower water concentration (b) Is only of minor relevance as they are mainly taken up through the stomata (c) Most likely requires high levels of ATP (d) Runs actively through ion diffusion within the apoplast

c. Most likely requires high levels of ATP

Which of the following statements is not correct? (a)Phloem is living tissue that can exchange water with xylem. (b) Phloem often uses sugar to supply sinks in the plant with energy richcarbon-hydrogen material. (c) Phloem transports organic material only to the roots (top to bottom). (d) Phloem can transport organic material anywhere that it is needed. (e) Phloem can be found in all leaves, the stem, and the root.

c. Phloem transports organic material only to the roots (top to bottom.)

Which one below is NOT a reproductive isolating mechanism? a) temporal isolation b) behavioral isolation c) individual isolation d) mechanical isolation e) habitat isolation

c. individual isolation

Male long-tailed widowbirds have long tail feathers that are not of advantage for flying. The feathers are most likely the result of: a) breeding b) intrasexual selection c) intersexual selection d) genetic drift e) gene flow

c. intersexual selection

A fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic relationship, is a (a) lichen (b) rhizobium (c) mycorrhiza (d) mistletoe (e) dodder

c. mycorrhiza

The change in potato growth from dark to light conditions is an example for? (a) thigmotropism (b) phototropism (c) photomorphism (d) gravimorphism (e) circadian rhythm

c. photomorphism

A widely accepted explanation for transport of sugar in phloem is called (a) root pressure theory (b) transpiration (c) pressure flow hypothesis (d) cytoplasmic streaming

c. pressure flow hypothesis

A key to speciation is _____________________of populations. a) extinction b) reduced growth c) reproductive isolation

c. reproductive isolation

What is a zygote? a) A diploid tissue b) A male cell that can zygote into a female egg cell c) A haploid cell that derives from division of a gamete d) A diploid cell that is the product of fertilization when two haploid gametes fuse

d. A diploid cell that is the product of fertilization when two haploid gametes fuse

What comprises a loamy soil? (a) top soil enriched humus. (b) soil enriched in P, K, and N. (c) soil with a high amount of roots growing in it (d) a mixture of silt, sand, and clay. (e) soil that has a good mixture of air, water, and sand

d. A mixture of silt, sand, and clay

Ethylene treated etiolated seedlings show a triple response which includes: (a) inhibited root elongation (b) enhanced radial swelling and shortening of hypocotyl (c) exaggerated curved apical hook (d) all of the above (e) none of the above

d. All of the above

Allopatric speciation a) Requires that populations are not geographical isolated from each other b) Is based on polyploidy c) Is more likely to occur in animals than in plants d) Can occur when two populations become geographically isolated from each other e) Is equivalent to habitat isolation

d. Can occur when two populations become geographically isolated from each other

Evolution: a) Does not exist b) Is a concept accepted throughout human history c) Provides detailed knowledge about a creator's plan d) Depends on change e) Was first acknowledged by Darwin

d. Depends on change

What two tissues result from the double fertilization in angiosperms? a) Gametophyte and sporophyte b) Zygote and endosperm c) Seed and flower d) Embryo and endosperm e) Root and shoot

d. Embryo and endosperm

In a leaf, what cell type is mainly necessary for CO2 and water vapor exchange with the atmosphere? (a) trichomes (b) spongy mesophyll (c) palisade mesophyll (d) guard cells (e) sclerenchyma cells

d. Guard cells

Plants that bear two types of spores resulting in male and female gametophytes are called a) Heterozygous b) Homozygous c) Homosporous d) Heterosporous e) Omnisporous

d. Heterosporous

DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that a) Humans evolved from chimpanzees. b) Chimpanzees evolved from humans. c) Humans and chimpanzees are not closely related. d) Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. e) None of the above.

d. Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.

If you add 2g of sugar to water, what do you think is happening to the water potential? (a) nothing (b) It will stay at zero (c) It will become more positive (d) It will become more negative (e) Two of the above

d. It will become more negative

Which tissue will an aphid quite specifically try to suck on? (a) Vascular Cambium (b) Symplast (c) Mesophyll (d) Phloem (e) Xylem

d. Phloem

What structure of a plant is normally the primary uptake organ for nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate? a) Stem b) Leaf c) Flower d) Root e) Fruits

d. Root

Spores are an important reproductive tool for fungi. What is true about them? a) They are the direct product of fertilization b) They are multicellular c) They are diploid d) They are haploid e) They are a zygote

d. They are haploid

Why do gymnosperms not have fruits? a) They lack a gametophytic stage b) They lack a sporophytic stage c) They lack ovules d) They lack ovaries e) They lack seeds

d. They lack ovaries

What is a likely reason that tropical trees develop buttress roots? (a) They are needed for oxygen exchange (b) They prevent that smaller animals and vines have easy access to the tree trunk (c) They are used as storage reserve for the tree (d) They provide the trees with additional stability support (e) They look good

d. They provide the trees with additional stability support

Which of the following processes likely depends on the activity of a proton pump? Pick the best answer! (a) Sugar uptake (b) Osmosis (c) Uptake of nitrate (d) Two of the above (e) None of the above

d. Two of the above

In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? a) carbohydrates b) fixed nitrogen c) antibiotics d) water and minerals e) protection from harmful infrared light

d. Water and minerals

In the life cycle of a fungus, which of the following normally does not take place between the events of karyogamy and plasmogamy? a) mitosis b) meiosis c) formation of spores d) formation of a fruiting body e) enlargement of a mycelium

d. formation of a fruiting body

Mosses grow close to the ground because they a) lack the nutrients needed to grow tall. b) do not perform photosynthesis c) need direct sunlight d) lack vascular tissue

d. lack vascular tissue

In pollination, what part of the flower receives the pollen? a) Anther b) Filament c) Petal d) Stigma e) Sepal

d. stigma

Xylem sap mainly contains (a) water and amino acids (b) water and sugar (c) sugar and minerals (d) water and minerals

d. water and minerals

What advantages do seeds provide over spores? 1) Seeds are multicellular 2) They contain a protective layer of tissue 3) They contain a supply of food. a) 1 is correct b) 2 is correct c) 3 is correct d) 2 and 3 are correct e) 1,2, and 3 are correct

e. 1,2, and 3 are correct

Which of the following names does NOT describe a phylum of fungi? a) Ascomycete b) Chytrid c) Basidiomycete d) Glomeromycete e) Oomycete

e. Oomycete

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except a) seeds. b) pollen. c) vascular tissue. d) ovules. e) ovaries.

e. Ovaries

In the alternation of generations life cycle, a zygote is formed after fertilization takes place. This zygote grows into an adult plant called a a) zygophyte b) gamete c) gametophyte d) spore e) sporophyte

e. Sporophyte

Which of the following statements is correct about Rhizobia? (a) They are fungal organisms that fix nitrogen (b) They are parasites that infect plants to thrive on sugar produced through photosynthesis (c) They form lateral roots called nodules to increase nitrate uptake from the soil (d) They are nitrate producing bacteria (e) They are able to generate ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen

e. They are able to generate ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen

What is correct about stomata movement control? Pick the best. (a) Stomata opening requires import of potassium ions into the guard cells (b) Stomata can control water flow by controlling potassium concentrations inside and outside of their guard cells (c) Stomata closure depends on water release from guard cells after export of potassium (d) Two of the above (e) Three of the above

e. Three of the above

An example for homoplasies in the lecture was a) Primary Endosymbiosis b) Rise and fall of dominant groups c) The pentadactyl limb d) The development of a giraffe neck e) Wings of birds and bats

e. Wings of birds and bats

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? a) fungal fruiting body b) sporangia c) larger bacterial populations d) increased oxygen levels e) fungal enzymes

e. fungal enzymes

What is the name of the particles in the root tip that are critical for sensing gravity? (a) gravoliths (b) phototropins (c) nodules (d) root cap (e) statoliths

e. statoliths