116s

Fast Train

Out of Taiwan suggests a rapid migration from China via Taiwan, spreading over Island Southeast Asia and into Melanesia after 4000 BP ("Express Train from Taiwan to Polynesia"). Bellwood's hypothesis

Nusantao

"In order to avoid potential confusion by using a linguistic term, Solheim has introduced the term 'Nusantao' for early peoples speaking Austronesian language and has proposed that they represent a maritime population that evolved in an area encompassing the southern Philippines, eastern Borneo, and western New Guinea. The Nusantao are envisioned as sailors and maritime traders, thus allowing for a transfer of formal elements of the Sa-Huynh-Kalanay Tradition within a variety of social and cultural contexts"

Java (Person) Man

"Java Man" is the oldest hominid ever discovered in Southeast Asia Tooth, skullcap, and thigh bone Southeast Asian Middle Pleistocene: Only fossil remains of Homo erectus found in Southeast Asia (Java) so far Dates for tools associated with Homo erectus back to 1.8 million yrs ago (Java)

Island Southeast Asia

- (BIMPS) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore

Homo floresiensis

- 95,000-13,000 ybp - new dwarf hominin, modern vs. Pleistocene coastlines, totally different species -they are homo sapiens related to us but because they have this disease mutation in genes they weren't able to grow and reach their genetic potential -they were small so they don't need as much food -found in Indonesian island of Flores

Sahul

- Is a Pleistocene land mass in Australia, New Guinea - Technical name for the continent comprising mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, Seram, and neighbouring islands

Lapita

- The Lapita culture was a prehistoric Pacific Ocean people who flourished in the Pacific Islands from about 1600 BCE to about 500 BCE. Archaeologists believe that the Lapita are the ancestors of historic cultures in Polynesia, Micronesia, and some coastal areas of Melanesia - "Lapita" is an archaeological culture that is considered as the ancestors of present day Polynesians -The distinguishing feature of Lapita pottery is a red slip. -The archaeological site "Lapita" is located in Caledonia

Waves of Migration

-According to Beyer, the ancestors of the Filipinos came in different "waves of migration,'' as follows: "Dawn Man", a cave-man type who was similar to Java Man, Peking Man, and other Asian Homo erectus of 250,000 years ago. The aboriginal pygmy group, the Negritos, who arrived between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago via land bridges. The seafaring tool-using Indonesian group who arrived about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago and were the first immigrants to reach the Philippines by sea. The seafaring, more civilized Malays who brought the Iron age culture and were the real colonizers and dominant cultural group in the pre-Hispanic Philippines. -Based on distribution of ethnolinguistic groups in the philippines, not archaeological evidence

H. Otley Beyer

-Cultural anthropologist and archaeologist known as the father of Philippine Anthropology, spent most of his adult life in the Philippines teaching Philippine indigenous culture after US takes over philippines in 1898. -According to H. O. Beyer, the earliest colonization of the Philippine archipelago was facilitated by land bridges. - St. Louis exposition (1904): Philippine exhibit to show colonialism was working and the Philippines were becoming civilized. ● He brought ~1000 Filipinos (of which ~ 400 were of the northern "Igorot" which had not been colonized) who were showcased and compared to lowland communities (who had been colonized) to show "effectiveness" of colonialism ➔ Wave of Migration Theory: he expanded on migration theory that the spanish first proposed in the colonial era and he made it more scientific - it is flawed and racist but it still being taught - responsible for the theory stating that the rice terraces in Ifugao were constructed as early as 2,000 years ago (theory has not been debunked)

Domestication

-Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group -types of domestication in SE Asia: agricultural, horticultural and arboricultural -genetic modification from a wild form to one that is more useful to humans artificial selection -cultivation does not mean domestication -Research on the origins of domestication in SE Asia = research on the origins of rice agriculture -Difficulties in studying the origins of domestication: -Overemphasis on rice at the expense of other cultures -Predominant reliance on indirect indicators (rather than direct evidence)

Palawan

-Palawan is the Philippine Island that was part of the Sunda landmass -Where the tabon cave is located -Manunggul Jar (890-710 B.C.) is a secondary burial jar excavated from a burial site in the Manunggul cave of the Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan. It dates from 890-710 B.C. and the two prominent figures at the top handle of its cover represent the journey of the soul to the afterlife. -tabon skull cap

Pleistocene

-Pleistocene is known as the last Ice Age -The emergence of the hominin - associated with the Paleolithic -43,000-10,000 (Pleistocene-Holocene) -Mid-pleistocene= lower paleolithic (750k-128k YBP) where homo erectus and acheulean handaxes were both found. (Middle pleistocene records are found strictly in island SEA, not mainland) Lower paleolithic = middle pleistocene middle/upper paleolithic = upper pleistocene Neolithic = Holocene

Robert Fox

-Robert B. Fox was the archaeologist who headed the excavations in Tabon Cave -In 1958, Fox led a National Museum team in conducting extensive excavations on two sites at Calatagan, Batangas, in what may be considered the first systematic excavation involving the National Museum in the country.

Sinodonty

-Sinodonty is a dental pattern characterized by shovel-shaping of the two upper first incisors. -sino refers to china

Cabalwanian

-The "Cabalwanian" refers to Paleolithic stone tool technology in Northern Luzon

Sunda

A biogeographical region of Southeast Asia that comprises the Malay Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago islands west of the Wallace Line The imaginary line that separates Sunda and Sahul is Huxley's Line Sundadonts have populated the Pacific Region. During the Pleistocene the Southeast Asian islands were connected. Sundaland (a lot of the southeast asian islands were connected so that is how people moved fast) During the Holocene the mass dispersed and the islands separated. Eastern boundary is the Wallace line Includes the Malay Peninsula on the Asian mainland, as well as the large islands of Borneo, Java, and Sumatra and their surrounding islands. Giant landmass during pleistocene

Tabon Cave

A group of caves located on Lipuun Point, north of Quezon municipality, in the south western part of the province of Palawan The caves are named after the Tabon scrubfowl. The caves were researched by Dr. Robert B. Fox and a team from the National Museum of the Philippines between 1962 and 1966. The greatest find of the skull cap of the Tabon Man. It is believed to be approximately 22,000-24,000 years old. The team found over 1,500 burial jars. One jar in particular, the Manunggul Jar, is considered to be a National Cultural Treasure

Adze

Adze used for chopping trees and land clearance A hallmark for farming Introduced in the neolithic

Alfred Marche

Alfred Marche was a French traveler and explorer who came to the Philippines in 1881. He traveled through various parts of Luzon, Catanduanes and Marinduque. At Marinduque, he found a cave called Pamintuan, which had been previously used as a burial site. His discovery represented "an abundant yield of Chinese urns, vases, gold ornaments, skulls and other ornaments of pre-Spanish origin."

Austronesian

Austronesian is a term used to refer to a language family spoken in Taiwan, Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and most of the Pacific. According to Bellwood and Bust, the Austronesian homeland is Taiwan. The movement of people into Island Southeast Asia was based on the austronesian language. Languages tend to move faster than people bc the interaction is faster (before a group of people moves to a new place the language has probably already been shared) Examples of Austronesian/ SEA languages: Tagalog, Thai, Vietnamese. The most linguistically diverse region is the island of New Guinea (450 languages) Various ethnic groups in SE Asia speak forms of austronesian dialect Migrated by boat to various islands in the region

Domesticated plant foods from Southeast Asia:

Banana Taro: Initial cultivator in Ifugao, at least 1k ybp Rice Soybean

Cagayan Valley

Cagayan Valley is an administrative region in the Philippines located in the northeastern portion of Luzon. It is composed of five provinces: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, and Quirino. Callao cave is located in this valley The earliest known human remains in the Philippines are the fossilised remains discovered in 2007 in the Callao Cave in the Cagayan Valley

Callao Cave

Callao Cave is where the 67,000 year old modern human was discovered. Hominin foot bone found to be dated around 66.7 thousand years ago (during the pleistocene) Oldest evidence of humans in philippines Located in Cagayan Province in Philippines Estimated to have stood 4 feet tall

Eugene Dubois

Discovered the java homo erectus skull in Trinil and called it Java Man; believed to be 1.8 million years old

Slow Boat

Dramatic contrasts between taiwanese and SE Asian mDNA vs Polynesian mDNA suggests a 'slow boat' model with possible 'parking' Yes they came from Taiwan to the philippines, but it was not straight shot movement, they all moved around once they arrived and kept on moving and exchanging genes

2. How does historical linguistics help in the reconstruction of population migration in prehistory?

Historical linguistics is heavily used in the attempt to reconstruct and understand how the population migrated throughout Southeast Asia in prehistory as it is seen by many to be a proxy indicator, providing both qualitative and quantitative data that will help place events in chronological order. Languages travel directly with people; therefore, there is more definite evidence that allows anthropologists to trace how the languages moved around instead of the people. Because there is the possibility of written documentation, it will give a more accurate estimate of when the people settled in a region of land. The Austronesian Hypothesis is a perfect example of how historical linguistics help, as many of the largest theories of how people dispersed over Southeast Asia is based on the Austronesian Hypothesis, which is essentially tracking how sub-languages were formed from the original Austronesian language family. Historical linguistics are a phenomenal source for tracking and hypothesizing and reconstructing population migration in prehistory as the archaeologists can tie it into archaeological evidence, resulting in a much more accurate theory.

Homo luzonensis

In 2007, a third metatarsal bone (MT3) was discovered in Callao Cave, Luzon This find was dated using uranium series ablation to an age of 66,700 ± 1000 years before present The morphological characteristics of the fossil were unequivocally classified as belonging to the genus Homo, making it the oldest evidence of the presence of the genus in the Philippines at the time. In April 2019, in a study by Florent Détroit et al., the fossils were attributed to a distinct species of archaic humans, dubbed Homo luzonensis

Taro

Initial cultivator in Ifugao, at least 1000 ybp -an original cultigen

Ifugao

Is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The ifugao were mostly lowland settlers who moved up to the mountains to avoid Spanish conquest Wet rice cultivation was a late introduction Taro was cultivated at least 1000 ybp Spanish arrival influenced events Ifugao culture is based on rice production Rice terraces (not unique to the philippine cordillera (ifugao)) Women farmers

Balangay

It is a plank boat adjoined by a carved-out plank edged through pins and dowels It is known as the oldest watercraft found in the Philippines. The balangay was the first wooden watercraft excavated in Southeast Asia and is evidence of early Filipino craftsmanship and their seamanship skills during pre-colonial times

Holocene

Its the the current geological epoch (an epoch is a subdivision of the geologic timescale that is longer than an age but shorter than a period) The Holocene has witnessed all of humanity's recorded history and the rise and fall of all its civilizations Started 10,000 years ago

Formosa

Spanish Formosa was a small colony of the Spanish Empire established in the northern tip of the island known to Europeans at the time as Formosa (now Taiwan) from 1626 to 1642.

1. What was the role of the 1904 St. Louis World Fair in the development of Anthropology in the Philippines?

The 1904 St. Louis World Fair was an extreme turning point for the field of Philippine archaeology due to anthropologists all over the world having a dramatic spike of interest in the philippines after seeing Henry Otley Beyer's exhibit. His exhibit consisted of around 1000 filipino people, with nearly half of them being of the northern "igorot" people who had not yet been colonized. His goal was to display how colonisation was actually working extremely well and that if the U.S kept on occupying the philippines, then the country can be developed into a modern country. In addition, his exhibit also displayed the philippines as an extremely exotic and foreign country by using words such as ancient, exotic, and jungle to describe the people of the Philippines, which attracted a lot of anthropologists to the country and created a desire to explore the region. This fair was the first attempt at including the Philippines into the anthropological discussion. It creates a sort of positive feedback loop in which anthropologists are attracted to the philippines which leads to more discoveries, which then leads to more anthropologists traveling to the philippines and so forth, resulting in the philippines finally being on the archaeological map.

Broad Spectrum Economy

The Broad Spectrum Revolution refers to a human subsistence shift at the end of the last Ice Age (pleistocene). During the Upper Paleolithic, people all over the globe survived on diets made up primarily of the meat from large-bodied terrestrial mammals—the first "paleo diet". But at some point after the Last Glacial Maximum, their descendants broadened their subsistence strategies to include hunting small animals and foraging for plants, becoming hunter-gatherers.

Malayo-Polynesian

The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples of the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia, going well into the Malay peninsula

Proto-Austronesian

The Proto-Austronesian language (PAN) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages Its words and roots are not directly attested in any written work, but have been reconstructed through the comparative method, which finds regular similarities between languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing, and extrapolates ancient forms from these similarities. The proto-Austronesian language was first spoken on the island of Taiwan 5000-7000 YBP The people who spoke Proto-Austronesian are thought to have begun to separate into dialectal groups approximately 6000 years ago

Butuan

The balangay mother boat was recovered in Butuan city in 1978 by national museum as salvage boats Fragments of 10 large open water-going boats identified in waterlogged condition Newly discovered butuan 'mother boat' used by Butuan people to go to China and trade

Elephas

The fossilized tooth of a sub-species that is identified as a dwarf elephant named Elephas This fossil is believed to be of Middle Pleistocene age or approximately 750,000 years old

3. How did domestication and agriculture contribute to the migration of the Austronesian-speaking people during the Neolithic?

The neolithic saw the introduction of both domestication and agriculture, and with the Austronesians flourishing at that time, they were able to quickly implement these two practices and expand greatly throughout Southeast Asia, as these two techniques allowed them to have a steady stream of nutrition and resources that resulted in rapid expansion. The Austronesian people cultivated both rice and millet, as those were seen as staples to their culture, and these foods also leave behind fossils that anthropologists can track and date to see when they emerged into an area. Tracking how these foods moved and dating them allows anthropologists to create a sort of timeline that is traced through these excavated findings. Since the Austronesians were one of the first cultures to implement domestication and agriculture, they had no problem of migrating quickly as they already acquired the knowledge of how to plant and harvest food wherever they settled. They were aware that they could go virtually wherever they want and be able to survive since the land is similar and they already had these techniques that they can implement no matter what.

Rice terraces

The terraces are found in the province of Ifugao and the Ifugao people have been its caretakers Otley Beyer has estimated that the terraces are over 2000 years old Recent studies predict that they are actually much newer, at least 300 years ago

Three-Age System

The three-age system is the periodization of history into time periods divisible by three; for example: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age; although it also refers to other tripartite divisions of historic time periods.

Rizal, Kalinga

The town is famous for its Pleistocene sites which possesses rhino bones. The butchered rhino bones were confirmed by international scientific journals as proof of ancient hominids in the Philippines dating back to 750,000 years ago, the oldest hominid evidence in the entire Philippine archipelago.

Wallacea

Wallacea is a biogeographical designation for a group of mainly Indonesian islands separated by deep-water straits from the Asian and Australian continental shelves (under the philippines) The islands of Wallacea lie between Sundaland to the west, and Near Oceania including Australia and New Guinea to the south and east (borneo to the left and new guinea to the right) Named after Alfred Russell Wallace-he recorded the differences between the flora and fauna on both sides of line An imaginary line that separates the Oriental (SE Asia) and Australian biogeographical regions.

Paleolithic

also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by hominids c. 3.3 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene c. 11,650 cal BP coincides almost exactly with the Pleistocene epoch of geologic time

OKV (Old Kiyyangan Village)

an early ifugao settlement dated between 1000 years before present (ybp) and abandoned at 200 ybp Philippine deer (Cervus mariannus) dominated the faunal remains at the site, comprising 70% of the recovered materials; domesticated and wild pig comes second at a surprisingly low 25% incidence There is a marked increase in these remains after ca. 530-470 cal. B.P., supporting previous studies suggesting late expansion of the cultivation of wet-field rice in this area

Peri-colonialism

groups who were not directly colonized by a foreign force, but shows parallel culture change with groups who were directly colonized Peri-colonial archaeology investigates areas where European military conquests were unsuccessful, but were economically and politically affected by conquests and subsequent colonial activities in adjacent regions

Lingling-o

is a type of penannular or double-headed pendant or amulet that has been associated with various late Neolithic to late Iron Age Austronesian cultures. The earliest surviving examples of lingling-o, dating back to around 500 BC, were made out of nephrite jade, but many later examples were made of shell, gold, copper, and wood; the kind of material suggests differences in the social standing of its wearer

Neolithic

refers to the last stage of the Stone Age The term Neolithic or New Stone Age is most frequently used in connection with agriculture, which is the time when cereal cultivation and animal domestication was introduced.

Dimolit Site

the Dimolit Site is an open-air coastal habitation site in North Luzon In dimolit philippines, archaeologists found pottery that was a clear indication of farming it represents a very few scheduled, specialized, subsistence activities revolving around the gathering and preparation of grain and the manufacture of wood and bamboo tools