Anatomy Final Exam

describe sliding filament model (how a sarcomere works)

functional unit of muscle contraction & it alternates bands of thin & thick protein filaments which slide against each other to contract the muscle

describe 1 of the 2 skin diseases that we saw in this unit

girls grow too much skin & they have to take long baths & scrub off skin, have to use a lot lotion

what are 5 of the 9 characteristics of life? (growth)

growth: increase in body size (w/out a change in shape)

what do some evolutionary scientists think is happening to hair & nails?

hair & nails are becoming more reduced w/ time compared to ancient ancestors that had stronger nails for digging, & some scientists think people will lose or get smaller/thinner nails over time, same thing for hair, individuals are getting less & less body hair

what does the material sebum do

helps keep hair & skin soft, pliable & waterproof

how does your body heal broken bone

hematoma is formed, break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus, fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus, bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

what are some of organs & functions of 3 body systems (integumentary)

integumentary: skin, hair, nails, glands || regulates body temp., sensory reception

describe in your own words what bone tissue looks like under the microscope

its color is light purple or and it has circular shapes

lungs are __________ to heart.

lateral

term for something toward the side

lateral

how many ribs do humans have?

12 pairs of ribs

how many bones does a human have?

206 bones

what are 4 types of tissue, including an example of where each is found? (connective)

connective: throughout the body (bone, blood, cartilage)

what is function/description of spongy bone

contains large air spaces & is filled by red marrow

the ___ epidermis layer is outermost, & ___ is layer cloest to dermis

corneum, basale

skull is _____ to scalp

deep

what is difference between dermis & epidermis

dermis: inner layer, connective tissue, vascular epidermis: outermost covering, avascular, composed of epithelial cells

thumb is _____ to elbow

distal

what are 5 of the 9 characteristics of life? (energy use)

energy use: ability to use (and convert) energy into usable forms

what are 4 types of tissue, including an example of where each is found? (epithelial)

epithelial: lines exposed body surfaces, forms inner lining of body cavities, covers organs

gossebumps are caused by ___, & function to ___ body

erector pili muscle, heat

why is red marrow of long bones so important

fills spaces in the spongy bone and produces blood cells

simple squamous

flattened cells, single layer, in capillaries

growing portion of hair is called the

follicle

name & describe function of 3 connective tissues (loose connective)

loose connective: connects different materials

describe 1 of the following diseases from the video (Dystonia or Hypertrophy)?

man's muscles are contracted w/out his control, leading to his body being twisted & posture was abnormal, he appeared muscular

heart is ___to elbow

medial

toward the midline of the body

medial

this is pigment that gives both skin & hair its color

melanin

what bones make up our knuckles??

metacarpals

what are 4 sub-categories of Anatomy & Physiology

microscopic, gross, pathology, developmental

eccrine glands

mostly water

describe how neuromuscular junction works to allow muscle to contract & relax

motor neuron transmits signal to muscle fiber, this causes it to contract || 1 nerve 1 muscular fiber

what are 5 of the 9 characteristics of life? (movement)

movement: ability to change positions or move internal organs

what are 4 types of tissue, including an example of where each is found? (muscle)

muscle: throughout body (skeletal, cardiac, smooth, muscles in tracts & tubes)

what are some of organs & functions of 3 body systems (muscular)

muscular: muscle tissue (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) || source of heat, provides forces that move body parts

what are 4 types of tissue, including an example of where each is found? (nervous)

nervous: brain, spinal cord, & nerves throughout body

sebaceous glands

oil, sebum

describe what homeostasis is

organism's maintenance of a relatively constant internal state w/ set ranges, almost all process in human body occurs to maintain homeostasis

what variety are the ones that build new bone tissue?

osteoblasts: starts to secrete matrix to form bone (build-up)

what is name for bone cells?

osteocytes

apocrine glands

pheromones & hormones

be able to describe at least 1 muscular disease?

polymyositis is inflammation of several muscles & muscle eventually breaks down

term for one's back

posterior

what are 4 functions of integumentary system?

protection--chemical & physical barrier, regulates body temp., metabolic--vitamin D & chemical conversions, nerve receptors

what is function of hair?

protects, regulates body temp., & has sensory reception

all of these relate to human homeostasis except

Blood pH 13

muscles exist as antagonistic pairs, what does this mean?

Flexor vs extensor, 1 contracts the other relaxes

what are 4 types of bones based on shape?

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid**

what is name of molecule used as energy by muscles?

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

describe how we determine race, age, gender of an unknown skeleton

age: sutures on the skull, teeth || gender: pelvis, jaw, bone size || race: nasal bone, eye socket

choose 2 functions & briefly describe them (skeletal system)

aids in movement: attachment of muscles, bones & muscles interact to make lever || supports softer tissue: gives shape to head, face, thorax, limbs, bones of lower limb, pelvis & backbone-support body's weight

describe how the integumentary system heals itself

an inflammatory response occurs caused by injury, & it becomes red, painful, warm, swollen, blood vessels dilate, forces fluids into tissue, which provides tissues w/ more nutrients & oxygen

describe difference between anatomy & physiology

anatomy - branch of science that deals w/ structure of body parts, forms, & organization || physiology - branch of science that deals w/ functions of body parts

stomach is ___ to back

anterior

describe 2 diseases that affect skeletal system

arthritis: inflammation of joints = pain, stiffness, & swelling || osteoporosis: loss in bone mass leading to thin, fragile bones

what is vertebrae that directly contacts the skull?

atlas

what are 2 broad categories that we divide skeleton into?

axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton

how does muscle react differently to performing Gross or Fine motor movements?

bigger the movement more nerves & muscles are used, smaller the movement fewer nerves & muscles

what are 5 of the 9 characteristics of life? (organization)

body is organized into levels

name & describe function of 3 connective tissues (bone)

bone: provides structure and protection

which of the following organs is NOT found in 2 body systems?

brain

metabolism is the

breaking down & synthesizing of macromolecules

what is difference between voluntary & involuntary muscles?

cardiac & smooth muscle: involuntary controlled by autonomic nervous system || skeletal muscle: voluntary controlled by somatic nervous system

name & describe function of 3 connective tissues (cartilage)

cartilage: keeps bones from rubbing together

this level of organization is the smallest functional/living part of an organism

cell

list 4 of the levels of organization in order

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

term for in and around the head

cephalic

what are 3 divisions of vertebral column?

cervical V., thoracic v., lumbar v.

toward the attachment point of a structure or limb

proximal

what are 5 of the 9 characteristics of life? (reproduction)

reproduction: ability to reproduce new organisms & sex cells (egg & sperm)

dividing the body in half along the midline

sagittal

what are sarcoplasm & sarcolemma?

sarcoplasm is cytoplasm of striated muscle cells & sarcolemma is a thin cell membrane that surrounds a striated muscle fiber

list bones of pectoral girdle

scapula & clavicle

stratified cuboidal

several layers, protection, & in ovary/ducts

pseudostratified columnar

single layer, elongated, moves particles in respiratory tract

simple columnar

single layer, may have cilia, in digestive tract

without this body system we would not be able to make blood & we would most likely be an amorphous blob

skeletal

what muscle type makes up most of mass of body?

skeletal muscle

what are 3 different types of muscles?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

what are some of organs & functions of 3 body systems (skeletal)

skeletal: bones, ligaments, cartilage || provides support and protection, muscle attachment, produces blood cells

what are 4 parts of integumentary system?

skin, hair, nails, glands

describe how human skull changes from birth to adulthood

skull has a lot of cartilage & soft spots in the skull as a child that are called fontanels, then that slowly gets replaced w/ bone as the brain grows, finally fuses & sutures together as an adult

what is function/description of articular cartilage

smooth tissue that covers the ends of bones, it's slippery & bloodless

what is function/description of fontanel

soft spot in skull

you want to get [tattoo] removed, tattoo artist injected dye into stratum granulosum, why might you be in luck?

stratum granulosum is a thin layer of epidermis, & epidermis is outermost covering, eventually, those cells are pushed to surface & die then flake off, meaning tattoo is not deep into skin, it's supposed to be in dermis layer to last

this is layer of epidermis located only in palms & soles of feet

stratum lucidum

what are 2 categories of glands? (hint 1 produces sweat the other produces oil)

sudoriferous glands & sebaceous glands

skin is __________ to muscle

superficial

head is _____ to tail

superior

heart is ________ to stomach

superior

nasal cavity is ___ to mouth

superior

term for something above

superior

lying on one's back

supine

what are 4 functions of skeletal system?

supports softer tissue, protection, aids in movement, hematopoiesis--production of blood cells, inorganic salt storage

what is function/description of tendons

tendons: connect bone to muscles to further stabilize joint

what is difference between true, false & floating ribs?

true ribs: first 7 rib pairs--connect from vertebrae to sternum || false ribs: last 5 ribs--3 connect from vertebrae to 7th rib || floating ribs: bottom 2 only connect to vertebrae