Anatomy Final Exam
describe sliding filament model (how a sarcomere works)
functional unit of muscle contraction & it alternates bands of thin & thick protein filaments which slide against each other to contract the muscle
describe 1 of the 2 skin diseases that we saw in this unit
girls grow too much skin & they have to take long baths & scrub off skin, have to use a lot lotion
what are 5 of the 9 characteristics of life? (growth)
growth: increase in body size (w/out a change in shape)
what do some evolutionary scientists think is happening to hair & nails?
hair & nails are becoming more reduced w/ time compared to ancient ancestors that had stronger nails for digging, & some scientists think people will lose or get smaller/thinner nails over time, same thing for hair, individuals are getting less & less body hair
what does the material sebum do
helps keep hair & skin soft, pliable & waterproof
how does your body heal broken bone
hematoma is formed, break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus, fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus, bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
what are some of organs & functions of 3 body systems (integumentary)
integumentary: skin, hair, nails, glands || regulates body temp., sensory reception
describe in your own words what bone tissue looks like under the microscope
its color is light purple or and it has circular shapes
lungs are __________ to heart.
lateral
term for something toward the side
lateral
how many ribs do humans have?
12 pairs of ribs
how many bones does a human have?
206 bones
what are 4 types of tissue, including an example of where each is found? (connective)
connective: throughout the body (bone, blood, cartilage)
what is function/description of spongy bone
contains large air spaces & is filled by red marrow
the ___ epidermis layer is outermost, & ___ is layer cloest to dermis
corneum, basale
skull is _____ to scalp
deep
what is difference between dermis & epidermis
dermis: inner layer, connective tissue, vascular epidermis: outermost covering, avascular, composed of epithelial cells
thumb is _____ to elbow
distal
what are 5 of the 9 characteristics of life? (energy use)
energy use: ability to use (and convert) energy into usable forms
what are 4 types of tissue, including an example of where each is found? (epithelial)
epithelial: lines exposed body surfaces, forms inner lining of body cavities, covers organs
gossebumps are caused by ___, & function to ___ body
erector pili muscle, heat
why is red marrow of long bones so important
fills spaces in the spongy bone and produces blood cells
simple squamous
flattened cells, single layer, in capillaries
growing portion of hair is called the
follicle
name & describe function of 3 connective tissues (loose connective)
loose connective: connects different materials
describe 1 of the following diseases from the video (Dystonia or Hypertrophy)?
man's muscles are contracted w/out his control, leading to his body being twisted & posture was abnormal, he appeared muscular
heart is ___to elbow
medial
toward the midline of the body
medial
this is pigment that gives both skin & hair its color
melanin
what bones make up our knuckles??
metacarpals
what are 4 sub-categories of Anatomy & Physiology
microscopic, gross, pathology, developmental
eccrine glands
mostly water
describe how neuromuscular junction works to allow muscle to contract & relax
motor neuron transmits signal to muscle fiber, this causes it to contract || 1 nerve 1 muscular fiber
what are 5 of the 9 characteristics of life? (movement)
movement: ability to change positions or move internal organs
what are 4 types of tissue, including an example of where each is found? (muscle)
muscle: throughout body (skeletal, cardiac, smooth, muscles in tracts & tubes)
what are some of organs & functions of 3 body systems (muscular)
muscular: muscle tissue (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) || source of heat, provides forces that move body parts
what are 4 types of tissue, including an example of where each is found? (nervous)
nervous: brain, spinal cord, & nerves throughout body
sebaceous glands
oil, sebum
describe what homeostasis is
organism's maintenance of a relatively constant internal state w/ set ranges, almost all process in human body occurs to maintain homeostasis
what variety are the ones that build new bone tissue?
osteoblasts: starts to secrete matrix to form bone (build-up)
what is name for bone cells?
osteocytes
apocrine glands
pheromones & hormones
be able to describe at least 1 muscular disease?
polymyositis is inflammation of several muscles & muscle eventually breaks down
term for one's back
posterior
what are 4 functions of integumentary system?
protection--chemical & physical barrier, regulates body temp., metabolic--vitamin D & chemical conversions, nerve receptors
what is function of hair?
protects, regulates body temp., & has sensory reception
all of these relate to human homeostasis except
Blood pH 13
muscles exist as antagonistic pairs, what does this mean?
Flexor vs extensor, 1 contracts the other relaxes
what are 4 types of bones based on shape?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid**
what is name of molecule used as energy by muscles?
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
describe how we determine race, age, gender of an unknown skeleton
age: sutures on the skull, teeth || gender: pelvis, jaw, bone size || race: nasal bone, eye socket
choose 2 functions & briefly describe them (skeletal system)
aids in movement: attachment of muscles, bones & muscles interact to make lever || supports softer tissue: gives shape to head, face, thorax, limbs, bones of lower limb, pelvis & backbone-support body's weight
describe how the integumentary system heals itself
an inflammatory response occurs caused by injury, & it becomes red, painful, warm, swollen, blood vessels dilate, forces fluids into tissue, which provides tissues w/ more nutrients & oxygen
describe difference between anatomy & physiology
anatomy - branch of science that deals w/ structure of body parts, forms, & organization || physiology - branch of science that deals w/ functions of body parts
stomach is ___ to back
anterior
describe 2 diseases that affect skeletal system
arthritis: inflammation of joints = pain, stiffness, & swelling || osteoporosis: loss in bone mass leading to thin, fragile bones
what is vertebrae that directly contacts the skull?
atlas
what are 2 broad categories that we divide skeleton into?
axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton
how does muscle react differently to performing Gross or Fine motor movements?
bigger the movement more nerves & muscles are used, smaller the movement fewer nerves & muscles
what are 5 of the 9 characteristics of life? (organization)
body is organized into levels
name & describe function of 3 connective tissues (bone)
bone: provides structure and protection
which of the following organs is NOT found in 2 body systems?
brain
metabolism is the
breaking down & synthesizing of macromolecules
what is difference between voluntary & involuntary muscles?
cardiac & smooth muscle: involuntary controlled by autonomic nervous system || skeletal muscle: voluntary controlled by somatic nervous system
name & describe function of 3 connective tissues (cartilage)
cartilage: keeps bones from rubbing together
this level of organization is the smallest functional/living part of an organism
cell
list 4 of the levels of organization in order
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
term for in and around the head
cephalic
what are 3 divisions of vertebral column?
cervical V., thoracic v., lumbar v.
toward the attachment point of a structure or limb
proximal
what are 5 of the 9 characteristics of life? (reproduction)
reproduction: ability to reproduce new organisms & sex cells (egg & sperm)
dividing the body in half along the midline
sagittal
what are sarcoplasm & sarcolemma?
sarcoplasm is cytoplasm of striated muscle cells & sarcolemma is a thin cell membrane that surrounds a striated muscle fiber
list bones of pectoral girdle
scapula & clavicle
stratified cuboidal
several layers, protection, & in ovary/ducts
pseudostratified columnar
single layer, elongated, moves particles in respiratory tract
simple columnar
single layer, may have cilia, in digestive tract
without this body system we would not be able to make blood & we would most likely be an amorphous blob
skeletal
what muscle type makes up most of mass of body?
skeletal muscle
what are 3 different types of muscles?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
what are some of organs & functions of 3 body systems (skeletal)
skeletal: bones, ligaments, cartilage || provides support and protection, muscle attachment, produces blood cells
what are 4 parts of integumentary system?
skin, hair, nails, glands
describe how human skull changes from birth to adulthood
skull has a lot of cartilage & soft spots in the skull as a child that are called fontanels, then that slowly gets replaced w/ bone as the brain grows, finally fuses & sutures together as an adult
what is function/description of articular cartilage
smooth tissue that covers the ends of bones, it's slippery & bloodless
what is function/description of fontanel
soft spot in skull
you want to get [tattoo] removed, tattoo artist injected dye into stratum granulosum, why might you be in luck?
stratum granulosum is a thin layer of epidermis, & epidermis is outermost covering, eventually, those cells are pushed to surface & die then flake off, meaning tattoo is not deep into skin, it's supposed to be in dermis layer to last
this is layer of epidermis located only in palms & soles of feet
stratum lucidum
what are 2 categories of glands? (hint 1 produces sweat the other produces oil)
sudoriferous glands & sebaceous glands
skin is __________ to muscle
superficial
head is _____ to tail
superior
heart is ________ to stomach
superior
nasal cavity is ___ to mouth
superior
term for something above
superior
lying on one's back
supine
what are 4 functions of skeletal system?
supports softer tissue, protection, aids in movement, hematopoiesis--production of blood cells, inorganic salt storage
what is function/description of tendons
tendons: connect bone to muscles to further stabilize joint
what is difference between true, false & floating ribs?
true ribs: first 7 rib pairs--connect from vertebrae to sternum || false ribs: last 5 ribs--3 connect from vertebrae to 7th rib || floating ribs: bottom 2 only connect to vertebrae