Anthropology Exam 2

The first civilizations were presented by about _______ BC -3,500 -10,000 -12,000 -20,000

3500

Writing is about ___________ years old -10,000 -20,000 -18,000 -6,000

6,000

The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the near east about _________ BC -8,000 -11,000 -5,000 -2,000M

8000

Anatomically modern humans first evolved in -europe -africa -central asia -the middle east

Africa

Which of the following areas was NOT a primary location for the origin of agriculture?

Africa

Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing change. This is called individual -variation -independence -agency -socialization

Agency

The most supported alternative to the Beringia model of movement of native americans is that they came to the americas from -europe across a north atlantic land bridge -australia across a pacific land bridge -africa by boat -asia by boat

Asia by boat

Methodological relativism states that -relativistic surveys are the best means to understand cultures -cultural practices can be understood relative to the culture in which they exist -quantification of cultural practices are desirable -we must respect all cultural practices

Cultural practices can be understood relative to the culture in which they exist

Which civilization is believed to have collapsed due to environmental degradation? -mayan -sumerians -egyptians -rome

Mayan

Where would you expect to find the earliest example of states in the archaeological record -china -mesopotamia -north africa -mesoamerica

Mesopotamia

____________ theorized that long-distance trade led to the development of the state -Wright and Johnson -Ember and Ember -Sapir and Whorf -Carneiro and Harris

Wright and Johnson

What is one of the major consequences of horticulture? -strict equality in social relations -lower population density -higher reliance on game for protein -a more sedentary way of life

a more sedentary way of life

Children learn spoken language at -a relatively later age in simpler societies -a wide range of ages, but with no correlation with societal complexity -about the same age in all cultures -a relatively later age in more complex societies

about the same age in all cultures

What is the term that refers to cultural changes when two cultures come into extensive contact, especially when one culture is more powerful than the other? -acculturation -domination -ethnogenesis -cultural inversion

acculturation

The subject of European cave paintings are mostly -landscapes -animals -supernatural beings -animals

animals

Cross-cultural studies of child rearing habits have shown that compared to non western societies, American parents -are less likely to breast feed on demand -spend more of the day carrying their babies with them -respond to babies' cries much more quickly -are more apt to co sleep with their babies at night

are less likely to breast feed on demand

Which of these innovations appeared during the Upper Paleolithic? -art -writing -tool making -hunting

art

During the Upper Paleolithic the world experienced the last ice age. At this time, the world's temperature was: -no different than today's temperature -as much as 10 degrees fahrenheit warmer than today's temperature -as much as 50 degrees fahrenheit lower than today's temperature -incredibly variable

as much as 50 degrees fahrenheit lower than today's temperature

Which of the following is the earliest evidence of art? -monumental architecture -carvings on stone and bone -cave art -pottery

carvings on stone and bone

The mesoamerican wild grass teosinte led to today's domesticated -corn -barley -wheat -rice

corn

The first form if writing found in Sumer and dating back to around 3000 BC is known as -alphabetic -cuneiform -heiroglyphics -spiral form

cuneiform

What is the first domesticated animal? -cat -cattle -pigs -dog

dog

_________ is making an evaluation (usually negative) on the goodness or badness of another culture from the perspective of one's own culture -ethnocentrism -chauvinism -cultural relativism -facism

ethnocentrism

Most archaeologists believe that the ____ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication -amazon -south east asian tropics -fertile crescent -african savanna

fertile crescent

In the state, many people are relieved of the need for -food production -effective police -social security -clean water

food production

Non-human forms of communication show no evidence of the use of -grammar -arbitrary signs -rapid articulation -meaningful elements

grammar

When would a toolmaker use pressure flaking? -in the final stages of retouching a tool -when selecting the proper stone -in the first step of shaping a tool core -when making a large copper tool

in the final stages of retouching a tool

Creoles are languages that -incorporate elements of two languages to create a new language -are identical to pidgins -have a common protolanguage -are only used by children

incorporate elements of two languages to create a new language

Which of the following is part of the state's infrastructure? -monumental architecture -writing system -priestly organization -irrigation systems

irrigation systems

Humans are very unusual among mammals in our -close connections between mothers and their infants -short lifespans -tendency to live in social groups of unrelated adults -long post reproductive life span for females

long post-reproductive life span for females

__________ is often given as a reason for the decline of the Roman Empire -drought -over extension -immigration -a succession of harsh winters

over extension

The invention and spread of agriculture quickly led to -great social stratification -better health -birth defects -rapid population growth

rapid population growth

Cross-cultural studies have both cognitive abilities among children and their ability to think abstractly are influenced by how much ________ they receive -schooling -breast milk -nurturing -carbohydrates

schooling

How did the environmental change at the Upper Paleolithic affect hunting patterns? -the density of big game animals decreased, forcing people to shift their attention to plants, fish, and small game -the warmer temperatures favored bigger animals, which increased the need for complex group hunting for big game -shellfish collecting became more important -people had to become more nomadic in order to follow migratory patterns of favored game animal

the density of big game animals decreased, forcing people to shift their attention to plants, fish, and small game

Archaeologists can determine if an ancient society had different socioeconomic classes of people by looking at: -the society's population size -how extensively agriculture was used to produce food -how animals were domesticated -the differences in house size and furnishing

the differences in house size and furnishing

Why does health often suffer in cities? -cities are too clean and sterile for healthy bacteria to grow -there is less available medical care in cities -there is less food available for city dwellers -the high population allows infectious diseases to flourish

the high population allows infectious disease to flourish

Many facial expressions of emotion are -vary enormously from culture to culture -the same cross culturally -are family specific -are most often fakes

the same cross-culturally

A study comparing Japanese and American facial expressions found that -the two had similar expressions in private, but the japanese participants tried to mask their feelings in front of authority figures -the two had similar expressions in public, but the american participants were more expressive when they thought they were alone -participants of both cultural groups were careful to mask their feelings in front of authority figures -participants of the two cultural groups had nearly identical facial expressions, both in public and in private

the two had similar expressions in private, but the Japanese participants tried to mask their feelings in front of authority figures

Diffusion is the process by which -traits are spread within a culture through parental teaching -traits are spread from one culture to another -people evaluate the costs and benefits of cultural practices -cultural traits become maladaptive

traits are spread from one culture to another

Parental encouragement of violence os associated cross-culturally with a society's involvement in -market economy -organized religion -agriculture -war

war