Anthropology Exam 3

Mana is a term used in Polynesia and Melanesia in the Pacific, and elsewhere. Which of the following statements is true about mana? t is belief in an immanent supernatural domain or life-force, potentially subject to human manipulation it is used in exactly the same way in Polynesia vs. Melanesia which shows that religious concepts remain the same even in spite of differing social and cultural contexts all answers are correct mana is an example of what early anthropologist Robert Marret meant by "animation," or "anime" for short.i t is belief in an immanent supernatural domain or life-force, not subject to human manipulation

it is belief in an immanent supernatural domain or life-force, potentially subject to human manipulation

Cargo cults, syncretic religions that mix Melanesian and Christian beliefs, are culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another cultural acts that mock the widespread but erroneous belief of European cultural supremacy antimodernist movements that reject anything Western just like religious fundamentalism in that they are ancient cultural phenomena enjoying a rebirth in current world affairs a religious response to the expansion of the world capitalist economy, often with political and economic consequences

just like religious fundamentalism in that they are ancient cultural phenomena enjoying a rebirth in current world affairs

What is the term for the marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage? animism mana liminality voodoo taboo

liminality

What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals? a rite of passage religion animism magic pantheism

magic

Besides animism—and sometimes coexisting with it in the same society—there is a view of the supernatural as a domain of raw impersonal power, or force, that people can control under certain conditions. This conception of the supernatural is particularly prominent in Melanesia. Melanesians refer to this force as good (or bad) luck The Force mana magic taboo

mana

What term formerly referred to a culture that shared a single language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship? nation homeland country monoculture society

nation

What is the term for ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status? nations ethnic avengers captive nations nationalities ethnicities

nationalities

East Asians who have immigrated recently from India and Pakistan to northern areas of the United Kingdom have a higher incidence of rickets and osteoporosis than the general British population. This phenomenon illustrates that

natural selection continues today

As we see in the film "Mirrors of the Heart," dominant ideologies of ethnicity, racism, and nationalism are resisted at various levels. How do we see Haitians and Dominicans of Haitian descent living in the Dominican Republic and in Haiti resisting exclusionary nationalism and racism? All answers are correct They affirm their identities through religious rituals They recall their ancestors who abolished slavery through a revolution and established Haiti as an independent country in 1804 They celebrate the Haitian Kreyòl (Creole) language

All answers are correct

Nationalism is an ideology characterized by: Nationalism relies on powerful religious-like rituals of state (e.g., pledges of allegiance, national anthems, Tombs of Unknown Soldiers) All answers are correct The nation is imagined to be a "collective individual" - bounded and apart, unique, and internally homogeneous in some crucial way Nationalist ideology depends on discourses of the past - and these most often turn out to be "Invented traditions"

All answers are correct

According to what we see in the film "Mirrors of the Heart," what are some of the main components of dominant and enforced ideologies of Dominican nationalism (and this is NOT to say that everyone there agrees with or accepts these ideologies)? Real Dominican culture is based on Spanish culture (Hispanidad) Black people can't be Dominican If you are Dominican, you cannot be black All answers are correct

All the answers are correct

One of Europe's most distinctive ethnic groups, the Basque people, have maintained a strong ethnic identity and a language that is unrelated to any other known language. Which of the following was a result of the forced assimilation campaign that banned speaking and using Basque in print? Strong nationalist sentiment and Basque terrorist groups were created in the Basque region. Basque parents, ashamed of their ethnicity, are refusing to teach their children their language, opting for their full immersion in schools that teach in the national language. Ethnic pride in the Basque people is now diminished. Basque is now an extinct language. Speaking Basque became taboo among the Basque people.

Strong nationalist sentiment and Basque terrorist groups were created in the Basque region.

Which of the following statements about human skin color is NOT true? Light skin is a selective advantage outside the tropics, because it admits ultraviolet radiation, which causes the body to manufacture vitamin D and thus prevents rickets and osteoporosis. The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's production of vitamin D. Light skin is a selective disadvantage in the tropics, because it is more susceptible to the destruction of the folate that is needed to produce folic acid to protect against neural tube defects in human embryos. Skin color varies because of differences in ultraviolet radiation between different regions of the world. The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's ability to process lactose.

The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's ability to process lactose.

Which of the following statements about purported attempts to assign humans to discrete racial categories based on common ancestry is true? They are culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based in biology. They are based on global racial categories that vary little among societies.They are a recent phenomenon brought on by globalization. They are applied to endogamous breeding populations. They are based on genotypic rather than phenotypic characteristics.

They are culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based in biology.

Which of the following statements about U.S. racial categories is true? U.S. racial categories are based on global racial categories that vary little among societies. U.S. racial categories are biologically valid, as demonstrated by the Phipps case in 1970s Louisiana. U.S. racial categories are based on genetics, whereas Japan's are based upon undemonstrated descent. U.S. racial categories are applied to endogamous breeding populations. U.S. racial categories are culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based in biology.

U.S. racial categories are culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based in biology.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that the Indian sacred cow can be considered adaptive? Cattle are an affordable form of power for peasant farmers Cattle dung provides a cheap source of heating and cooking energy Wandering cattle indirectly provide fertilizer for agricultural fields Zebu cattle require less food per animal than do beef cattle Zebu cattle are frequently slaughtered and their meat distributed on ceremonial occasions

Zebu cattle are frequently slaughtered and their meat distributed on ceremonial occasions

Traditional racial classification assumed that biological characteristics such as skin color were determined by heredity and remain stable over many generations. We now know that a biological similarity such as skin color is always the result of both a common ancestry and natural selection. skin color is determined by a single gene that is prone to mutations over many generations. a biological similarity such as skin color is also the result of natural selection working among different populations that face similar environmental challenges. skin color is determined by sun exposure and the amount of melanin in our diets. skin color is actually determined throughout child development.

a biological similarity such as skin color is always the result of both a common ancestry and natural selection.

What is communitas? a social inequality that is accepted even by those who are less privileged a collective liminality the Latin word for mana the supernatural anxiety

a collective liminality

"Race," like ethnicity in general, is a meaningless concept to people living day to day. used by social scientists to classify humans based on their genes and shared blood. a cultural category rather than a biological reality.poorly understood by geneticists and is therefore considered a cultural category. a biological reality as much as a cultural one.

a cultural category rather than a biological reality.

Depending on the situation, the same man might declare "I'm Jimmy's father"; "I'm your boss"; "I'm African American"; or "I'm your professor." This phenomenon, whereby a person's claimed or perceived identity varies depending on context, is called hypodescent. ethnic tolerance. rotating core personality traits. a situational negotiation of social identity .ethnicity.

a situational negotiation of social identity

Totemism, one form of cosmology, is the emic concept of spirituality a synonym for folklore Claude Lévi-Strauss's term to describe the binary oppositions prevalent in religious myths all over the world a system, in this case a religious one, for imagining and understanding the universe the etic explanation of people's view on human agency

a system, in this case a religious one, for imagining and understanding the universe

What is one of the most important activities in Pentecostal culture that has greatly aided its expansion? heavy funding from North America active evangelization the use of media and televangelism a strict hierarchy a Western political agenda

active evangelization

What is one of the most important activities in Pentecostal culture that has greatly aided its expansion? the use of media and televangelism heavy funding from North America a Western political agenda active evangelization a strict hierarchy

active evangelization

As we saw in the film "Land of Look Behind," what are some of the main beliefs of the Rastafarian religion? the belief that prophecies in the Christian Bible will come to passthe belief in the divinity of Ras Tafari, named Haile Selassie I when he was coronated emperor of Ethiopia in 1930 the belief that even though Haile Selassie I the person was killed in a military coup in Ethiopia in 1975 his spirit and power live on even if on another plane of existence the belief that the powerful nations of the world who suppress the poor will eventually be destroyed all answers are correct

all answers are correct

As we saw in the film "Land of Look Behind," which of the following is true of Rastafarian speech? Rastafarian speech reveals political and cultural consciousness when the speak of themselves as members of the African diaspora Rastafarians often talk about very critically about slavery and racism in Jamaica and beyond Rastafarian speech and cultural references are incorporated into reggae music Rastafarian speech, known as "dread talk," includes many references to the divinity of Haile Selassie I all answers are correct

all answers are correct

Ethiopianism is _____________ mainly found in countries with a strong Protestant religious tradition an "Africanist" interpretation of the Christian Bible, where the events are said to have taken place in Africa and the people mentioned are said to be African a religious current in the Afro-Americas drawn upon by the Rastafarians developed in opposition to the imposition of Christianity during slavery all answers are correct

all answers are correct

One way the film "Mirrors of the Heart" shows us that ethnicity is a cultural construct rather than a natural entity is because of the following: people who look like Carlos the taxi driver would be considered black in the USA the idea of "race mixture" to "improve" the "race" is not necessarily subscribed to elsewhere (e.g., the USA with its ideology of hypodescent) all answers are correct the category mulato, which is so important in the Dominican Republic and elsewhere, is not found everywhere (e.g., it is not found in the USA)

all answers are correct

The early anthropologist E.B. Tylor argued this about the idea of God or of gods: all answers are correct it involved an elaboration of the concept of "soul"the idea of the soul was to some extent universal across cultures Tylor called "animism" the idea that within ordinary, tangible bodies there is a normally invisible, normally intangible being - the soul Tylor argued that for believers the soul is said to be revealed in dreams, trances, visions, shadows, birth, and death

all answers are correct

The early anthropologist James G. Frazer argued that not all belief in sacred or supernatural entities can be called religion. Therefore, he sought to distinguish between magic and religion. He argued that the difference between magic and religion depended on whether or not participants felt they could make a supernatural entity do their bidding for Frazer, magic refers to supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims for Frazer, if there was an attitude of uncertainty, if they felt humble in front of a more powerful entity, then it was religion for Frazer, if participants felt relative control over an outcome by doing what was required to obtain a desired result, then it was magic all answers are correct

all answers are correct

The term syncretism refers to a cultural mix, including religious blends. Which of the following statements about syncretism is true? religious syncretism often emerges when traditional, non-Western societies have regular contact with industrialized societies some syncretic religions attempt to explain European domination and wealth and come into existence to achieve similar success magically by mimicking European behavior and symbols all answers are correct examples of syncretic religions in the Americas include Vodou in Haiti, Santería in Cuba, and Candomblé in Brazil the cargo cults of Melanesia and Papua New Guinea are a syncretism of Christian doctrine with aboriginal beliefs

all answers are correct

Which of the following is true about religious affiliation in the United States today? sin surveys conducted in 2018 and 2019, 65% of American adults describe themselves as Christians; this figure is down 12 percentage points over the previous decade Since the 1960s, there has been a decline in membership in formal, organized religions religious affiliation in North America varies with ethnic background, age, and geography the religiously unaffiliated share of the population, consisting of people who describe their religious identity as atheist, agnostic or "nothing in particular," rose significantly between 2019 and 2009 all answers are correct

all answers are correct

The early anthropologist Robert R. Marett, in arguing that fellow anthropologist E.B. Tylor's definition of religion was too narrow, said that when people attribute lifelike properties to storms, rocks, pots, and volcanoes, they do not necessarily believe that souls are the cause. He gave a name to when in a culture the supernatural is conceived of as an impersonal power. What was this phenomenon? animation no answers are correct animatism false beliefs primitive mentality

animatism

The early anthropologist Robert R. Marett, in arguing that fellow anthropologist E.B. Tylor's definition of religion was too narrow, said that when people attribute lifelike properties to storms, rocks, pots, and volcanoes, they do not necessarily believe that souls are the cause. He gave a name to when in a culture the supernatural is conceived of as an impersonal power. What was this phenomenon? false beliefs primitive mentality no answers are correct animatism animation

animatism

What kind of religion is based on the idea that each human has a double that is active during sleep? mana totemism animatism polytheism animism

animism

An anthropological understanding of ethnicity and "race" requires exploring how people and institutions define, negotiate, and even challenge their identities in society. One way that anthropologists—and social scientists in general—do this is by studying "status," which refers to one's socially negotiated identity, which always changes throughout a person's lifetime. one's biologically determined identity within a hierarchical society. any position, no matter what its prestige, that someone occupies in society. a mutually exclusive social identity that is set by others and has little to do with the actions of an individual. an identity determined by the state through census practices.

any position, no matter what its prestige, that someone occupies in society.

In Japan, the burakumin no longer face discrimination.are the cream of Japan's racial categories, having the purest blood. constitute a numerical majority in Japan. are perceived as pure Japanese, even if one of their parents is not Japanese. are stigmatized despite being genetically indistinguishable from other Japanese.

are stigmatized despite being genetically indistinguishable from other Japanese.

Like ethnicity and language, religion also is associated with social divisions within and between societies and nations a cultural generality a phenomenon that illustrates the power of biology over culture a social fiction a topic of research that distinguishes anthropology from other disciplines

associated with social divisions within and between societies and nations

Bronislaw Malinowski found that the Trobriand Islanders used magic when sailing, a hazardous activity. He proposed that because people can't control matters such as wind, weather, and the fish supply, they turn to magic people turn to magic to instill psychological stress on their competitors, especially when the fish supply is very low magic emboldened people to take more risks magic actually reduced the fishing success of the Trobriand Islanders, but at least they did not feel directly responsible, since then they could blame it on bad luck magic was a surprisingly effective stand-in for proper fishing skills and experience, because it made people confident in their capabilities

because people can't control matters such as wind, weather, and the fish supply, they turn to magic

What of the following is NOT true from what we see in the film "Mirrors of the Heart?" criteria for ethnic identity can be drawn from many sources, including hair, skin color, parentage, and education level ideologies of nationalism can become hegemonic - but this means that they are not completely agreed with class and status affect ethnic identity, including the identity known as "race" class and status are separate from and not related to ethnic identity, including the identity known as "race"

class and status are separate from and not related to ethnic identity, including the identity known as "race"

Protestant values such as asceticism and entrepreneurship as a result of the belief that success on Earth could lead to salvation, and a fervent individualism due to the belief that only individuals could be saved, both lead in the right conditions to the rise of capitalism. Who made this argument? Claude Lévi-Strauss in his famous book The Savage Mind Sir E.B. Tylor Robert Bellah Anthony F. C. Wallace in his attempt to show religion's relevance in understanding historical change Max Weber in his influential book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Max Weber in his influential book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Which of the following kinds of religion involves full-time religious specialists? individualistic cults hamanistic religion Olympian religion idiosyncratic belief system communal religion

Olympian religion

Organizations in the United States such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Council of La Raza, a Hispanic advocacy group, have opposed adding a "multiracial" census category. This suggests that classification is a political issue—these groups fear that their political clout will decline if their numbers go down. racial classification matters only to Hispanic minorities in the United States. both organizations need to hire anthropologists. racial classification can become more scientifically accurate, people's ignorance to the contrary. racial classification is all about cultural pride.

classification is a political issue—these groups fear that their political clout will decline if their numbers go down.

In which of the following categories should the concept of "race" be placed? imaginary genetic scientific biological cultural

cultural

What is the term for policies and practices that harm a group and its members? colonialism discrimination prejudice racism ethnocentrism

discrimination

According to Fredrik Barth's theories about ethnic identity, ethnic boundaries are most stable when ethnic groups occupy different ecological niches. ethnic groups are culturally very similar and tend to pursue the same goals. ethnic groups share a common ancestor. the members of the ethnic groups are highly educated, as with postcolonial states. ethnic groups share the same nation-state.

ethnic groups occupy different ecological niches.

According to Fredrik Barth's theories about ethnic identity, ethnic boundaries are most stable when the members of the ethnic groups are highly educated, as with postcolonial states. ethnic groups are culturally very similar and tend to pursue the same goals. ethnic groups share a common ancestor. ethnic groups occupy different ecological niches. ethnic groups share the same nation-state.

ethnic groups occupy different ecological niches.

The film "Mirrors of the Heart," which is set in the Dominican Republic, illustrates that this concept is distinct from, but intimately related to, nationalism: hypodescent Burakumin ethnicity all answers are correct

ethnicity

What term refers to the destruction of the culture of an ethnic group? ethnocide discrimination prejudice genocide diaspora

ethnocide

Which of the following is NOT among contemporary rites of passage? bat mitzvah baptism initiation marriage fasting

fasting

A "world-rejecting religion" is one that concerns itself with a higher realm of spirituality has been rejected by the world rejects worldly goods and popular culture focuses on a higher realm of reality is polytheistic or monotheistic, and is led by a shaman is polytheistic or monotheistic, and is led by a shaman

focuses on a higher realm of reality

What is the term for the use of force by a dominant group to compel a minority to adopt the dominant culture? attitudinal discrimination forced assimilation environmental racism ethnocentrism genocide

forced assimilation

Studies of how beliefs and rituals function as part of a group's cultural adaptation to its environment are an illustration of the dangers of extending the realm of religion to nature the fact that religion is evolutionarily adaptive how nonhuman primates also have a capacity for religion, although it is very limited the dangers that religious effervescence can pose to the environment if it is not contained how religion can play a prominent role in cultural ecology

how religion can play a prominent role in cultural ecology

Studies of how beliefs and rituals function as part of a group's cultural adaptation to its environment are an illustration of the dangers that religious effervescence can pose to the environment if it is not contained how religion can play a prominent role in cultural ecology how nonhuman primates also have a capacity for religion, although it is very limited the dangers of extending the realm of religion to nature the fact that religion is evolutionarily adaptive

how religion can play a prominent role in cultural ecology

In theory, a biological race is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species. Humanity (Homo sapiens) lacks such races because humans are less genetically predictable than the animals and plants that are susceptible to domestication. human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups. human populations have experienced a type of controlled breeding that is distinct from that experienced by dogs and roses.although humans exhibit biological differences, these are only skin deep. they are politically incorrect.

human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups.

Ethnicity means identification with and feeling part of a biologically racial group. identification with and feeling part of a cultural group and exclusion from other cultural groups. identification with and feeling part of two or more groups in a plural society. identification with your neighbors in a multicultural society. identification with the cultural values of the dominant culture.

identification with and feeling part of a cultural group and exclusion from other cultural groups.

As we saw in the film "Land of Look Behind," how is the Rastafarian religion related to politics, including cultural and identity politics, in Jamaica? no answers are correct the film shows how Rastafarians, while leading simple lives, have a belief in the power of industry and technology and desperately seek that for the country of Jamaica the film shows that Rastafarians are not interested in the day-to-day lives of the people but concern themselves only with worshiping Haile Selassie I the film is a prime example that religious concepts are not influenced by the social and cultural context the film shows that Rastafarians are not interested in the day-to-day lives of the people but instead are looking for a new religious direction after Haile Selassie I was killed in a military coup in Ethiopia in 1975

no answers are correct

The belief that nature is animated with spirits is called: animation free spiritism no answers are correct nature worship spiritualism

no answers are correct

Nation-states are defined by their lack of ethnic identity. parts of other states. otherwise known as countries. ethnically homogeneous. the same as tribes and ethnic groups.

otherwise known as countries.

An "ascribed status" is a status that has a position of dominance in society; for example, that of a king.people have little or no choice about occupying. you earn, as when a successful law student becomes a lawyer. is based on standardized test scores. you choose for yourself.

people have little or no choice about occupying

In the early 20th century, the anthropologist Franz Boas described changes in skull form among the children of Europeans who had emigrated to North America. He found that the reason for these changes could not be explained by genetics. His findings underscore the fact that even though the environment influences the phenotype, genetics is a more powerful determinant of racial differences. diet affects which genes are turned off and which get turned on, resulting in a particular phenotypic characteristic. phenotypic similarities and differences don't necessarily have a genetic basis. describing changes in skull form is the most accurate way to study the impact of migration on traveling populations. observing changes over one generation is not enough to make conclusions about changes in the genotype and phenotype.

phenotypic similarities and differences don't necessarily have a genetic basis.

What term does anthropologist Fredrik Barth use to refer to a society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of those groups? broad-spectrum subsistence plural society pluralism multicultural assimilationist

plural society

Which of the following is a reason why dark skin color is adaptive? admission of UV rays malarial resistance dietary adaptation preventing the destruction of folate reducing the frequency of rickets

preventing the destruction of folate

Antimodernism describes the rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived to be an earlier, purer, better way of life. Fundamentalism describes antimodernist movements in various religions. Ironically, religious fundamentalism is an extremely old phenomenon that actually spurred the rise of modernism fundamentalist sentiments depend on recognition of the modern culture fundamentalist movements have both benefited from and promoted the use of technology for international networking religious fundamentalism is itself a modern phenomenon, based on a strong feeling among its adherents of alienation from the perceived secularism of the surrounding modern culture fundamentalists never lead a better way of life, precisely because they reject the benefits of modern life

religious fundamentalism is itself a modern phenomenon, based on a strong feeling among its adherents of alienation from the perceived secularism of the surrounding modern culture

Both induction into the U.S. Marine Corps and the vision quest of certain North American Indian societies are examples of rites of passage genetic programming binary opposition a generalized exchange a structural analysis of religion

rites of passage

Which of the following kinds of religion involves part-time religious specialists in foraging societies? Olympian religion shamanistic religion idiosyncratic belief systems communal religion individualistic cults

shamanistic religion

Animism, polytheism, and monotheism are the names for the three psychological needs that all individuals have, thus explaining the universality of religion stages of ritual, according to Victor Turner stages through which all present-day religions have passed stages, according to E.B. Tylor, through which religion evolved three kinds of religion that exist in the world today

stages, according to E.B. Tylor, through which religion evolved

According to Victor Turner, all rites of passage have three phases: separation, liminality, and incorporation. Of these three, the liminal phase—which is the most interesting—is typically characterized by the use of secular language no change in the social norms symbolic reversals of ordinary behavior a forming of an implicit ranking system intensification of the social hierarchy

symbolic reversals of ordinary behavior

Robert Bellah (1978) coined the term world-rejecting religion to describe most forms of Christianity, including Protestantism. More generally, world-rejecting religions are a recent historical phenomenon reject the material world and focus on the body's internal biological balance are shamanistic religions that reject the encroachment of capitalism and modernity tend to reject the natural—the mundane, ordinary, material, secular—world and focus instead on a higher realm of reality focus on the effects that heavenly bodies such as the moon, sun, and Mars have on social life

tend to reject the natural—the mundane, ordinary, material, secular—world and focus instead on a higher realm of reality

As the film "Mirrors of the Heart" shows, the case of the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo, who orchestrated the genocide of perhaps 20,000 Haitians and Haitian-Dominicans in 1937, demonstrates that racism is based in culture, politics, and economics - Trujillo was actually defined as a mulato who had a Haitian grandmother that racism is based in biology and nature - Trujillo was of pure white ancestry and so it was natural that he was prejudiced against Haitians that Trujillo was a rogue politician - he went against the wishes of the powerful people in the Dominican Republic no answers are correct

that racism is based in culture, politics, and economics - Trujillo was actually defined as a mulato who had a Haitian grandmother

Émile Durkheim, an early scholar of religion, stressed what he termed religious effervescence. Anthropologists too have stressed the qualities that make religion present in some societies but not in others the analysis of the use of behavior-altering drugs in religious experience that religious worlds are real and significant to those who construct and inhabit them that proper analysis requires separation of collective re-creation from collective religion the analysis of the use of behavior-altering drugs in religious experience

that religious worlds are real and significant to those who construct and inhabit them

An examination of racial taxonomies from around the world indicates that classifying racial types can best be done by considering only the genotype involved. the best classification of racial types considers genotype as well as phenotype. the classification of racial types is an arbitrary and culturally specific process. classifying racial types can best be done by considering only phenotypic traits. all cultures classify "races" similarly.

the classification of racial types is an arbitrary and culturally specific process.

Religion and magic don't just explain things and help people accomplish goals—they also enter the realm of human feelings. In other words, they serve emotional needs as well as cognitive (i.e., explanatory) ones they often lead to extreme psychological disruption and even mental illness they determine the emotional well-being of all their practitioners religion helps reduce differences by promoting brotherly love they are psychologically and cognitively relevant, but these realms are well contained and have no effect beyond the mental well-being of the practitioner

they serve emotional needs as well as cognitive (i.e., explanatory) ones

Rituals serve the social function of creating temporary or permanent solidarity among people—forming a social community. We see this also in practices known as totemism fundamentalism liminality mana animism

totemism

In the film "Land of Look Behind," we see a "reasoning session" prominently featured. A "reasoning session" is a ritual activity where Rastafarians scheme on how they can get a coveted McDonald's cheeseburger use "ganja" (i.e., marijuana) as an escape from oppressive conditions while they try to get access to the material goods of North American and European society (as in the cargo cults of the Pacific) use "herb" or "ganja" (i.e., marijuana) as a vehicle for spiritual enlightenment as they discuss political topics while they acquire and pass on religious knowledge pray to their "Sky God" to provide mana from heaven, known as Babylon no answers are correct

use "herb" or "ganja" (i.e., marijuana) as a vehicle for spiritual enlightenment as they discuss political topics while they acquire and pass on religious knowledge

Which of the following tend to be directed at socially marginal individuals as a method of social control? blood feuds cargo cults Olympian religions witchcraft accusations rites of passage

witchcraft accusations

It is argued that ethnicity, racism, and nationalism are ideologies. Which of the following statements is NOT true of ideologies? Ideologies are systematic representations that tend to serve political interests Ideologies have moral and normative force Ideologies are the ways we imagine things, including dreams, and so this refers to how humans see the world in their imaginations Ideologies are produced and reside in societal institutions and entail authoritative discourses

...Ideologies are the ways we imagine things, including dreams, and so this refers to how humans see the world in their imaginations

________ magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it. Simultaneous Serial Contagious Imitative Sequential

Contagious

In understanding the problems that have arisen in attempts at human racial classification, why is it important to understand the difference between genotype and phenotype? The phenotypical traits used to classify humans into "races" go together as genetic units. Attempts at human racial classification typically used phenotypic traits like skin color as markers of common ancestry, but many such traits do not reflect the existence of shared genetic material. Phenotypical similarities and differences always have a genetic basis.Although phenotypic characteristics may change, the genetic material of populations stays the same for a long time. Attempts at human racial classification have typically used genotypic traits like blood type as markers of common ancestry, and these traits are passed on from generation to generation in discrete bundles. Next

Attempts at human racial classification typically used phenotypic traits like skin color as markers of common ancestry, but many such traits do not reflect the existence of shared genetic material.

Which of the following is true about rites of passage? Rites of passage would be effective in diminishing anxiety and fear if they did not involve the liminal phase Rites of passage only worsen the anxieties caused by other aspects of religion Beliefs and rituals can, ironically, both diminish and create anxiety and a sense of insecurity and danger Participants in rites of passage are only tricked into believing that there was a big change in their lives Despite their prevalence during the time that Victor Turner did his research, rites of passage have disappeared with the advent of modern life

Beliefs and rituals can, ironically, both diminish and create anxiety and a sense of insecurity and danger

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is true? Ethnicity is the politically correct term for "race." Ethnicity is based on common biological features. Ethnicity is one's identification with a group that shares a common set of beliefs, values, customs, and norms. Americans maintain a clear distinction between ethnicity and "race." Ethnicity and "race" are both based on common biological features.

Ethnicity is one's identification with a group that shares a common set of beliefs, values, customs, and norms.

Which of the following statements about religion is NOT true? Group of answer choicesIt is sometimes a source of conflict It can both create and maintain social solidarity It is, in some cases, ecologically adaptive It is a cultural construction, therefore not a reality It can both create and maintain divisions within society

It is a cultural construction, therefore not a reality

Evangelical Protestantism is experiencing rapid growth in all of the following regions EXCEPT Brazil Europe the Middle East and North Africa Latin America sub-Saharan Africa

Europe

Which of the following groups see a sharp divide between themselves and other religions, as well as between a "sacred" view of life and the "secular" world? Communitas Hindus Haredi Jews Pentecostals mainline Protestants

Haredi Jews

Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and U.S. racial taxonomies? Brazilian racial categories are based on genotype, whereas U.S. categories are based on phenotype. In the United States, social "race" is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil "race" is flexible and more of an achieved status. There are no important differences between the two taxonomies. U.S. categories are purer than Brazilian categories. Brazilians do not recognize racial differences.

In the United States, social "race" is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil "race" is flexible and more of an achieved status.

Which of the following statements about religion is NOT true? The functions of religious beliefs and practices vary with the society Political leaders never mix religion with politics Religious beliefs can help regulate the economy Religion is often an instrument of societal change, even revolution Religion sometimes serves to maintain social solidarity; sometimes it creates or maintain societal divisions

Political leaders never mix religion with politics

Who focused on religion's explanatory role and argued that religion would eventually disappear as science provided better explanations? Claude Lévi-Strauss Sir E.B. Tylor Bronislaw Malinowski Sir E. E. Evans-Pritchard Margaret Mead

Sir E.B. Tylor