Anthropology- Exam 5

Starting around _____, we find more fossils of ground-dwelling, open-country apes, whose larger back teeth with thicker enamel point to an increased mixed vegetable diet that included harder foods such as nuts.

12 mya

The first stone tools are dated to

2.5 million years ago

According to Mark Stoneking, the likely time of divergence between hominids and chimps is

5-7 million years ago

About when do undisputed primates appear in the fossil record?

55 mya

Neanderthals were contemporaries of

Homo erectus

The Dmanisi site shows that

Homo erectus emigrated from Africa quickly after they evolve

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a potential adaptive reason for bipedalism?

It takes more metabolic energy to run somewhere than to walk

The first finds ever of H. erectus were made in _____ by the Dutch physician Eugene Dubois in 1891

Java

Roebroeks and Palmer showed that

Neanderthals had mastered a complex thermal process that we don't understand

Lucy probably lived in

a mixed forest and bushland area

Environmental reconstructions for East Africa during the time of Australopithecines indicates

a mosaic habitat

The sagittal crest is

a ridge of bone, running from front to back along the top of the skull

Homo habilis was

a scavenger

Donald Johanson pointed out that Homo erectus had the liability of

acquiring sufficient energy for big Brains

Proliferation of material culture in hominid evolution is most closely associated with

adoption of culture as a way of life

Loss of hair and efficient sweating in Homo erectus

allowed for the evolution of persistence hunting

The importance of the evidence of shelters in Homo erectus is that they

allowed hominids to hide from predators

Cranial capacities seen in Homo erectus

are as large as Archaic Homo sapiens but much smaller than modern humans?

The individual anatomical characteristics that define Neanderthals

are completely unique to that taxon

Which of the following is associated only with modern Homo sapiens?

art

Limb proportions in Australopithecines indicate that they were

both B and C: b.more similar to chimpanzees c.were proficient brachiators

Gallery forests are

challenging habitats for primates

The reason for changes in fauna associated with the geologic time periods is

changes in environment

Homo habilis exhibited body sizes that were

closer to those of chimpanzees than those seen in humans

The most important influence on encephalization quotients is

diet and digestive system

The defining characteristics of the family Hominidae do not include

dramatic expansion of cranial capacity

The central focus of hominid evolution for the first 6 million years was

energy efficient locomotion

According to Daniel Lieberman, the most likely explanation for the evolution of bipedalism is

energy savings

Homo erectus has a cranial capacity that

exhibit a wide range of sizes

Experiments with chimpanzees examining their understanding of the intentions of others are testing

experience levels in primates ?

Evidence from Dmanisi indicates that

fire was harnessed by 2 million years ago ?

The rapidly fluctuating climate beginning around 2 million years ago is indicated by

fluctuating amounts of dust in ocean floor sediments?

Evidence for Australopithecine habitats and diets does not come from

fossilized plant remains

Which of the following is NOT a condition conducive to the preservation of organic remains?

heavy accumulation of fallen leaves each autumn

The Neanderthal DNA inherited by modern humans affects our

immunity to disease

The cranial capacity of archaic Homo sapiens is

in the middle of the range of modern humans

The size of the dentition seen in Homo erectus

indicates the use fire

Which of the following is not found in modern humans

inflated maxillary sinuses

Sarah Blaffer Hrdy suggests that the mother-infant bond

is more "contingent" (def. depending on circumstances) in humans than other mammals ?

The importance of Sahelanthropus tchadensis is that

it shows that hominids were bipedal 6 million years ago

The reduction in post-orbital constriction seen in Homo habilis is associated with

larger frontal lobes

Homo erectus was the first hominid to

leave Africa

Mark Stoneking presented evidence of ___________ in Homo erectus

less hair than previous hominids

The reorientation of the pelvic bones in hominids

makes any other form of locomotion besides bipedalism impossible

Susan Anton points out that the body build of Turkana Boy most closely resembles

modern humans

The sagittal keel is

most likely related to increase in brain size

The size of the nasal aperture in Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens indicates

movement into colder climates

Complex life on earth

only appeared after the "Cambrian explosion" around 500 million years ago

Pat Shipman based her interpretation of Homo habilis sites on

overlapping marks on the bones

Homo erectus lived during which epoch

pleistocene

Rick Potts suggests that the impetus for the transition to humans was

rapidly fluctuating environments

The deeper a layer of strata is the older it is defines the idea of

relative dating

Archaic Homo sapiens exhibit anatomy that is

remarkably similar to modern humans

The complex S-curve of the hominid vertebral column functions to

reposition the cranium to the body's midline

Metin Eren demonstrated that Neanderthal tools

required extensive prior planning

The arches of the hominid foot

serve to store and release energy during bipedalism

Which of the following is not a modification seen in hominid feet:

shorter toes (except the hallux)

Neanderthal DNA

shows a close ancestry with modern Asian humans

The cranial capacities of archaic Homo sapiens were on average

smaller than those of modern humans or in the middle of the range of modern humans

The modern human population that shares the most DNA with Neanderthals comes from

southern Europe

Evidence from Neanderthal tools and genetics suggest

speech and language like ours

The discovery of Homo Floresiensis shows

that brain size and tool use are not related

The name Homo erectus indicates

that they were the first hominid to be fully bidepal

The best evidence that Neanderthals had human-like language is

the FOXP2 gene

Daniel Lieberman's research suggests that Homo erectus had the advantage of

the anatomy for endurance running

One of the signs of culture in Homo erectus is

the first use of spears in hominid evolution?

The evidence of bipedalism exhibited by "Lucy" specimen comes from:

the knee anatomy

The "Taung Baby" looks like a young ape except for a couple of important differences. One of those differences is

the location of the foramen magnum

The brain anatomy exhibited in Australopithecus afarensis is important because

the pattern of growth is slow, like humans

In part, Lewis Binford based his interpretation of Homo habilis sites on

the presence of the lower leg bones of animals

According to Rick Potts, the impetus for the sudden increase in brain size around 2mya was

the rapidly fluctuating climate

Homo habilis had

the same degree of sexual dimorphism as earlier hominids

The genus Homo can be distinguished from earlier hominids because

they exhibited culture as a way of life

Observation of chimpanzee behavior shows that

they navigate the social hierarchy with political maneuvering

Roebroeks and Palmer showed that Neanderthals

used synthetic glue to make their tools

Neanderthals lived in areas of Europe that

were glaciated

Evidence from Homo erectus sites indicates that they

were hunter-gatherers