Anthropology Final Study
as population migrated away from equatorial zones into areas of low UV radiation and sunlight intensity,lighter skin became an adaptive feature to enable the maximum absorption of vitamin D from sunlight. This adaption ooccured
125,000 to 65,000
most human languages have approximately how many seconds
30 to 40
the partial loss of Native American traditional culture practices due to European colonist is an example of
Acculturation
the highest to lowest ascribed statuses in indian caste system are
Brahmins,Kshatriyas,Vaishyas, and Shudras
which of the major religions has the most followers
Christianity
In more politically and technologically complex societies, horticulture is the dominant subsistence strategy TRUE OR FALSE
False
Race and ethnicity is the same thing TRUE OR FALSE
False
an insiders point of view that explains the meaning of a cultural practices is called the etic perspective TRUE OR FALSE
False
learned behavior is found exclusively in humans TRUE OR FALSE
False
political organization within a society is the result of cultural values TRUE OR FALSE
False
who was the anthropologist whose ideas included cultural relativism and participant observation and who is considered to be the "father" of modern day anthropology
Franz Boaz
the fatal brain and nervous system disease found among the south for people of new guinea, with symptoms loss of motor control, contracted facial muscles, and eventually fatal death that is transmitted through cannibalism is known as
Kuru
which of the following anthropologist was classified primarily as a culture and personality theorist
Margaret Mead
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Tahitians initiated and expressed sexual intimacy by
Smelling each other
under the levirate rule: if tom and jane are married and
Tim, dies, jane will marry one of toms brothers
Ethnic conflict like racism and genocide can be found in all societies TRUE OR FALSE
True
Sources of power in single may be both consensual and coercive TRUE OR FALSE
True
among all living species, human language is unique TRUE OR FALSE
True
cultural innovations tend to move by means of diffusion TRUE OR FALSE
True
everyone has the biological ability to make the sound of ll human languages TRUE OR FALSE
True
reciprocity and redistribution are forms of exchange in market economies TRUE OR FALSE
True
which is a good example enculturation
a grandmother shows her granddaughter how to knit a sweater
the domestication of plants and animals, which began about 10,000 years ago, led directly to
a sedentary lifestyle
a cosmology is
a system of beliefs that deals with fundamental religious and social questions
culture is
adaptive, learned, and always changing
which of the following individuals worked to create the human relations area (HRAF)
albert keller and George murdock
a named spirit who is believed to have created or to have control of some aspects of the world is known as a
all of the above
in market economies, people work for wages due to which of the following reasons
all of the above
rituals and ways of addressing the supernatural may be done through
all of the above
skin pigmentation is dependent on
all of the above
substance patterns develop and change in response to
all of the above
which of the following are examples of subcultures? A. a group of americans studying in the philippines at university B.the amish of ohio and penn C.southerns D.the gullah of southern US E>all of the above
all of the above
which of the following i NOT a characteristic of a personalistic explanation to illness
all of the above
which of the following are examples of ethnic group in the united states
all of these ethnic groups in the U.S.
what is the name of the organization that has issued a statement of ethical guidelines for anthropologists
american anthropological association
the belief that living and nonliving objects are imbued with spirit is called
anamism
past cultures through their material remains
archeologist
in gaining political leadership,______is a position into which a person is born, while ___ is apposition that a person chooses into on their own
ascribed status, achieved status
which form of political organization has no formal political leader
bands
why is cultural diffusion always an important aspect of culture
because no human society has ever bern isolated for a long time
both maternal and paternal lines are used as a basis of reckoning descent, with neither one having more or less affiliation or importance than the other (like in our society)
bilateral descent
in an egalitarian society, there is
both C and D
when cash or goods are given by the groom's kin to the bride's kin to seal a marriage, it is classified as
brideswealth
in anthropology, the issue of human rights
can be challenging, as different cultures define rights differently
a society with important social rankings in which a political leader maintains authority through their ascribed status
chiefdom
which of the following is not commonly considered a subsystem of all languages
chronology
unlike chiefdoms, in state societies___ most commonly regulates social relations between different social classification and defines individual's rights and duties
citizenship
an aggregate of nuclear families linked by a common spouse
composite (or compound)
blood ties between people
consanguinity
which of the following in NOT a characteristic of Anamatism
controlled by evil spirits that commit wrongdoings
human thought, behavior, and life ways that are typical of people
cultural anthropologist
the ages at which sexual activity should begin and end are
cultural constructions
all of the folioing are types of culture except
cultural relativism
according to the text what is a major challenge for anthropology graduate students that may put an end to their career?
culture shock during fieldwork
a group of kin who are descendants of common ancestor, extending beyond two generations
descent group
a variety of language spoken in a particular area or by a particular social group is a
dialect
archaeologists do all of the following except
dig for dinosaur bones
the tracing of descent through both matrilineal and patrilineal links, each which is used for different purposes
double descent
the yield per person per hour of labor invested is called
efficiency
how past human societies used plants, animals, and natural shelters for survival
environmental archaeologist
the nation-state is an "imagined community"because there are numerous ___ that make up states, each one differentiating themselves from other groups or the larger society
ethic groups
a man born and raised in the Philippines enjoys eating ducklings from unhatched eggs. his american friend thinks this is barbaric and disgusting practice, even though he enjoys eating roast duckling. the American man is demonstrating
ethnocentrism
the study for general laws and principles governing human societies is called
ethnology
the health-related beliefs, knowledge, and medical practices of a cultural groupis known as
ethnomedicine
a family based on blood relations extending over three or more generations
extended
Exogamy specifies that a person must marry within a specific group of individuals
false
incest taboos are Not a cultural universal
false
sex and gender are the same thing
false
bride service is found most commonly among which type of society
foraging
which substance strategy supports the lowest population density
foraging
assist law enforcement in solving crimes
forensic anthropology
the totality of ideas about sex, gender, natures of men and women, including their sexuality, is known as
gender ideology
the most common form of reciprocity found among foragers is
generalized reciprocity
which of the following is NOT a common aspect of culture
genetics
race is determined by all of the following physical traits except
height
studies cultures where historical documents affect interpretations of artifacts
historical archaeologist
how languages have changed over time
historical linguist
which theoretical school of thought focused on presenting objective descriptions of cultures within their historical and environmental context?
historical particularism
anthology has sought directly to do each of the following EXCEPT
impose a western and modern approach to life on others
The Hijras in india are
individuals who were nor male, but have had their genitals removed
people born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes what are not extensively ale or females, are known as
intersexual
which of the following statements about inuit child-rearing is true?
inuit children are discouraged from asking direct questions and primarily learn experientially
which of the following best defines gender stratification
it is the way gendered activities and attributes are differently valued and relate to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in a society
what is the primary function of divination
it provides people with confidence in their decisions
among the inuit childhood play is useful in enculturation for all of the following except?
keeping a child under strict adult supervision
the study of facial expressions is part of
kinesis
a social network of relatives within which individuals have specific rights and obligations, where relationships are established on the basis of blood ties or through marriage
kinship
the totality of kin relations, kin groups, and terms for classifying kin in society
kinship system
the most important symbolic aspect of culture is
language
______ is the ability to exercise one's will over others, while ___ is the socially approved use of power
leadership, authority of power
though what means do people attempt to mechanistically control supernatural forces
magic
individuals shoe serve as guides and teachers for anthropologist in the culture in which they do fieldwork are called by all the folioing except
managers
the customs, rules, and obligations that establish a socially-endorseded relationship between adults is called
marriage
all of the following are pastoralists societies except
masai
The hopi are a(n)___ society
matrilineal
a(n) __ family is organized around the fame line
matrilineal
marriage between one man and one woman is called
monogamy
the most important basis for conformity to laws in most societies
none of the above
a family that is organized around the relationship between a man, his wife (the conjugal tie), and their children
nuclear
"cat" is composed of how many morphemes
one
Human fossils to trace our evolutionary history and to address important advances, such as bipedalism and tool usage
paleoanthropologist
_________ refers to the overall term for nonverbal communication
paralanguage
anthropology is the holistic, comparative, and global study of?
past humans
when a couple lives with the husband's family after marriage, it is referred to as
patrilocal residence
the shared beliefs and values that legitimize the distribution and use of power in society is
political ideology
the most common form of marriage across cultures is
polygyny
past human cultures, without written records
prehistoric archeologist
a __ is a socially initiated, ceremonially inducted member of a religious organization, while a __ is socially recognized individuals who is able to mediate between the world of humanity and that of the Gods
preist, shaman
physical characteristics, genetics, and social behavior and life ways that are typical of a group of people
primatologist
all human societies have an economic system in which people must
produce, distribute, and consume
this theory holds that females subordination is based on women's universal role as mothers and homemakers
public/ private dichotomy
exchange in which goods are collected and then given back to members is
redistribution
in many societies, the transition from one social status to another is formalized by
rites of passage
stories about historical events, heroes,gods,spirits,and creation that members of a religious tradition hold to be hoy and true are called
sacred narratives
biological or anatomical difference between males and females is known as __ while the culturally assigned traits between males and females is known as __
sex and gender
which kinship principle differentiates between cross-cousins and parallel cousins?
sex of linking relative
in households or kinships based groups, economic goals are primarily
social
a class or a group of people with generally the same access to resource, power, and prestige, is an example of
social stratification
how language is used by different groups os people and in different social situations
sociolinguist
typical causes of illnesses that are accepted in a naturalistic medical system are all of the following EXCEPT
spiritual possession
population control,judiciary procedures, law enforcement, and taxation are all characteristics of
states
which of the following was the core belief of Franz Boaz
that cultures are products of their own histories
the individual who has authority and control, more so than the father, in matrilineal society is
the children maternal uncle (mothers, brother)
what is the primary difference between nomadic and transhumant pastoralism
the existence of permeant villages
market exchange is
the primary distribution mechanism in most societies today
capitalism results in creation of a society in which
there will always be the rich and the poor
which of the following is not a characteristic of ALL religions
they involve the belief in a supreme deity
cousins are the preferred marriage partners in 30% of todays cultures
true
every culture recognizes distinction between male and female
true
group membership based on links through either the maternal or paternal line, but nor both
unilineal descent
subsistence strategies are defined best as
ways that societies transform the material resources of the environment into food