Anthropology Final Study

as population migrated away from equatorial zones into areas of low UV radiation and sunlight intensity,lighter skin became an adaptive feature to enable the maximum absorption of vitamin D from sunlight. This adaption ooccured

125,000 to 65,000

most human languages have approximately how many seconds

30 to 40

the partial loss of Native American traditional culture practices due to European colonist is an example of

Acculturation

the highest to lowest ascribed statuses in indian caste system are

Brahmins,Kshatriyas,Vaishyas, and Shudras

which of the major religions has the most followers

Christianity

In more politically and technologically complex societies, horticulture is the dominant subsistence strategy TRUE OR FALSE

False

Race and ethnicity is the same thing TRUE OR FALSE

False

an insiders point of view that explains the meaning of a cultural practices is called the etic perspective TRUE OR FALSE

False

learned behavior is found exclusively in humans TRUE OR FALSE

False

political organization within a society is the result of cultural values TRUE OR FALSE

False

who was the anthropologist whose ideas included cultural relativism and participant observation and who is considered to be the "father" of modern day anthropology

Franz Boaz

the fatal brain and nervous system disease found among the south for people of new guinea, with symptoms loss of motor control, contracted facial muscles, and eventually fatal death that is transmitted through cannibalism is known as

Kuru

which of the following anthropologist was classified primarily as a culture and personality theorist

Margaret Mead

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Tahitians initiated and expressed sexual intimacy by

Smelling each other

under the levirate rule: if tom and jane are married and

Tim, dies, jane will marry one of toms brothers

Ethnic conflict like racism and genocide can be found in all societies TRUE OR FALSE

True

Sources of power in single may be both consensual and coercive TRUE OR FALSE

True

among all living species, human language is unique TRUE OR FALSE

True

cultural innovations tend to move by means of diffusion TRUE OR FALSE

True

everyone has the biological ability to make the sound of ll human languages TRUE OR FALSE

True

reciprocity and redistribution are forms of exchange in market economies TRUE OR FALSE

True

which is a good example enculturation

a grandmother shows her granddaughter how to knit a sweater

the domestication of plants and animals, which began about 10,000 years ago, led directly to

a sedentary lifestyle

a cosmology is

a system of beliefs that deals with fundamental religious and social questions

culture is

adaptive, learned, and always changing

which of the following individuals worked to create the human relations area (HRAF)

albert keller and George murdock

a named spirit who is believed to have created or to have control of some aspects of the world is known as a

all of the above

in market economies, people work for wages due to which of the following reasons

all of the above

rituals and ways of addressing the supernatural may be done through

all of the above

skin pigmentation is dependent on

all of the above

substance patterns develop and change in response to

all of the above

which of the following are examples of subcultures? A. a group of americans studying in the philippines at university B.the amish of ohio and penn C.southerns D.the gullah of southern US E>all of the above

all of the above

which of the following i NOT a characteristic of a personalistic explanation to illness

all of the above

which of the following are examples of ethnic group in the united states

all of these ethnic groups in the U.S.

what is the name of the organization that has issued a statement of ethical guidelines for anthropologists

american anthropological association

the belief that living and nonliving objects are imbued with spirit is called

anamism

past cultures through their material remains

archeologist

in gaining political leadership,______is a position into which a person is born, while ___ is apposition that a person chooses into on their own

ascribed status, achieved status

which form of political organization has no formal political leader

bands

why is cultural diffusion always an important aspect of culture

because no human society has ever bern isolated for a long time

both maternal and paternal lines are used as a basis of reckoning descent, with neither one having more or less affiliation or importance than the other (like in our society)

bilateral descent

in an egalitarian society, there is

both C and D

when cash or goods are given by the groom's kin to the bride's kin to seal a marriage, it is classified as

brideswealth

in anthropology, the issue of human rights

can be challenging, as different cultures define rights differently

a society with important social rankings in which a political leader maintains authority through their ascribed status

chiefdom

which of the following is not commonly considered a subsystem of all languages

chronology

unlike chiefdoms, in state societies___ most commonly regulates social relations between different social classification and defines individual's rights and duties

citizenship

an aggregate of nuclear families linked by a common spouse

composite (or compound)

blood ties between people

consanguinity

which of the following in NOT a characteristic of Anamatism

controlled by evil spirits that commit wrongdoings

human thought, behavior, and life ways that are typical of people

cultural anthropologist

the ages at which sexual activity should begin and end are

cultural constructions

all of the folioing are types of culture except

cultural relativism

according to the text what is a major challenge for anthropology graduate students that may put an end to their career?

culture shock during fieldwork

a group of kin who are descendants of common ancestor, extending beyond two generations

descent group

a variety of language spoken in a particular area or by a particular social group is a

dialect

archaeologists do all of the following except

dig for dinosaur bones

the tracing of descent through both matrilineal and patrilineal links, each which is used for different purposes

double descent

the yield per person per hour of labor invested is called

efficiency

how past human societies used plants, animals, and natural shelters for survival

environmental archaeologist

the nation-state is an "imagined community"because there are numerous ___ that make up states, each one differentiating themselves from other groups or the larger society

ethic groups

a man born and raised in the Philippines enjoys eating ducklings from unhatched eggs. his american friend thinks this is barbaric and disgusting practice, even though he enjoys eating roast duckling. the American man is demonstrating

ethnocentrism

the study for general laws and principles governing human societies is called

ethnology

the health-related beliefs, knowledge, and medical practices of a cultural groupis known as

ethnomedicine

a family based on blood relations extending over three or more generations

extended

Exogamy specifies that a person must marry within a specific group of individuals

false

incest taboos are Not a cultural universal

false

sex and gender are the same thing

false

bride service is found most commonly among which type of society

foraging

which substance strategy supports the lowest population density

foraging

assist law enforcement in solving crimes

forensic anthropology

the totality of ideas about sex, gender, natures of men and women, including their sexuality, is known as

gender ideology

the most common form of reciprocity found among foragers is

generalized reciprocity

which of the following is NOT a common aspect of culture

genetics

race is determined by all of the following physical traits except

height

studies cultures where historical documents affect interpretations of artifacts

historical archaeologist

how languages have changed over time

historical linguist

which theoretical school of thought focused on presenting objective descriptions of cultures within their historical and environmental context?

historical particularism

anthology has sought directly to do each of the following EXCEPT

impose a western and modern approach to life on others

The Hijras in india are

individuals who were nor male, but have had their genitals removed

people born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes what are not extensively ale or females, are known as

intersexual

which of the following statements about inuit child-rearing is true?

inuit children are discouraged from asking direct questions and primarily learn experientially

which of the following best defines gender stratification

it is the way gendered activities and attributes are differently valued and relate to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in a society

what is the primary function of divination

it provides people with confidence in their decisions

among the inuit childhood play is useful in enculturation for all of the following except?

keeping a child under strict adult supervision

the study of facial expressions is part of

kinesis

a social network of relatives within which individuals have specific rights and obligations, where relationships are established on the basis of blood ties or through marriage

kinship

the totality of kin relations, kin groups, and terms for classifying kin in society

kinship system

the most important symbolic aspect of culture is

language

______ is the ability to exercise one's will over others, while ___ is the socially approved use of power

leadership, authority of power

though what means do people attempt to mechanistically control supernatural forces

magic

individuals shoe serve as guides and teachers for anthropologist in the culture in which they do fieldwork are called by all the folioing except

managers

the customs, rules, and obligations that establish a socially-endorseded relationship between adults is called

marriage

all of the following are pastoralists societies except

masai

The hopi are a(n)___ society

matrilineal

a(n) __ family is organized around the fame line

matrilineal

marriage between one man and one woman is called

monogamy

the most important basis for conformity to laws in most societies

none of the above

a family that is organized around the relationship between a man, his wife (the conjugal tie), and their children

nuclear

"cat" is composed of how many morphemes

one

Human fossils to trace our evolutionary history and to address important advances, such as bipedalism and tool usage

paleoanthropologist

_________ refers to the overall term for nonverbal communication

paralanguage

anthropology is the holistic, comparative, and global study of?

past humans

when a couple lives with the husband's family after marriage, it is referred to as

patrilocal residence

the shared beliefs and values that legitimize the distribution and use of power in society is

political ideology

the most common form of marriage across cultures is

polygyny

past human cultures, without written records

prehistoric archeologist

a __ is a socially initiated, ceremonially inducted member of a religious organization, while a __ is socially recognized individuals who is able to mediate between the world of humanity and that of the Gods

preist, shaman

physical characteristics, genetics, and social behavior and life ways that are typical of a group of people

primatologist

all human societies have an economic system in which people must

produce, distribute, and consume

this theory holds that females subordination is based on women's universal role as mothers and homemakers

public/ private dichotomy

exchange in which goods are collected and then given back to members is

redistribution

in many societies, the transition from one social status to another is formalized by

rites of passage

stories about historical events, heroes,gods,spirits,and creation that members of a religious tradition hold to be hoy and true are called

sacred narratives

biological or anatomical difference between males and females is known as __ while the culturally assigned traits between males and females is known as __

sex and gender

which kinship principle differentiates between cross-cousins and parallel cousins?

sex of linking relative

in households or kinships based groups, economic goals are primarily

social

a class or a group of people with generally the same access to resource, power, and prestige, is an example of

social stratification

how language is used by different groups os people and in different social situations

sociolinguist

typical causes of illnesses that are accepted in a naturalistic medical system are all of the following EXCEPT

spiritual possession

population control,judiciary procedures, law enforcement, and taxation are all characteristics of

states

which of the following was the core belief of Franz Boaz

that cultures are products of their own histories

the individual who has authority and control, more so than the father, in matrilineal society is

the children maternal uncle (mothers, brother)

what is the primary difference between nomadic and transhumant pastoralism

the existence of permeant villages

market exchange is

the primary distribution mechanism in most societies today

capitalism results in creation of a society in which

there will always be the rich and the poor

which of the following is not a characteristic of ALL religions

they involve the belief in a supreme deity

cousins are the preferred marriage partners in 30% of todays cultures

true

every culture recognizes distinction between male and female

true

group membership based on links through either the maternal or paternal line, but nor both

unilineal descent

subsistence strategies are defined best as

ways that societies transform the material resources of the environment into food