Anthropology: LOCOMOTION, STREPSIRHINES, TARSIERS, & MONKEY

New World Monkeys

- Flat Nose - South America/ Mexico/ Central America - Dental Formula 2133 -arboreal quadrupedalism and some semi-brachiators -rarely leave trees -prehensile tails -All diurnal except for the night monkey

Brachiation -Max postcrainal limb -IM Index -Description of action -representative primate group

- Forelimbs are longer than hindlimb - > 100 - swinging in trees - gibbons and some orangutans

Terrestrial Quadrupedalism -Max postcrainal limb -IM Index -Description of action -representative primate group

- Hindlimbs and forelimbs are about equal length - = 100 - Walk on palms/toes on the ground, some time in the trees - Old World monkeys

Arboreal Quadrupedalism -Max postcrainal limb -IM Index -Description of action -representative primate group

- Hindlimbs and forelimbs are about equal length - = 100 - Walk on palms on top of tree branches - New World (NW) monkeys • NW Monkeys also use prehensile tails for stabilization

what are the two groups Strepsirhines are divided into

- Lemurs - Lorises

what are the two infraorders under the Haplorhini suborder

- Tarsifhorms - Anthropoidea

Bipedalism -Max postcrainal limb -IM Index -Description of action -representative primate group

- hindlimbs - < 100 - Walking on two feet - Hominini

Old World Monkeys

- projecting nose - tropical Africa & Asia - dental formula 2123 - Have tails but are not prehensile tails - Very diverse diet: omnivorous - arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism - Sexual dimorphism

what is the locomotion and IM index of: Quadrupeds

-Approximately equal limb lengths - =100

what is the locomotion and IM index of: Brachiators

-Forelimbs longer than hindlimb - > 100

what is the locomotion and IM index of: Vertical Clingers & Leapers, Bipeds:

-Hindlimb longer than forelimb - < 100

Vertical Clinging & Leaping -Max postcrainal limb -IM Index -Description of action -representative primate group

-Hindlimbs are longer than forelimbs - <100 -Push off branch with long hindlimbs and grasp onto branch -lemurs (strepsirhini) and some tarsiers

what is Lemurs type of locomotion

-Vertical Clinging & Leaping -Push off branch with long hindlimbs and grasp onto branch

what is lorises type of locomotion

-Vertical Clinging & Leaping -slow, deliberate climbers and creepers on forest branches

what are the two superfamilies under the lemuriformes infraorder

-lemuroidea -lorisoidea

what are the two parvorders under the Anthropoid infraorder

-platyrrhini -catarrhini

Strepsirhines ancestral traits

-some are nocturnal -some are solitary - some rely more heavily on smell then vision -lack color vision

is the Haplorhini suborder more primitive or derived

Haplorhines (suborder: haplorhini) have more *derived* primate adaptations

what do you use to predict locomotion patterns

IM index

where can Lemurs be found

Lemurs are the only primate native to *Madagascar*

what type of prederation is there for Lemurs

Little predation and no competition from monkeys or apes

Platyrrhini

New World Monkeys

are Lorises nocturnal or diurnal

Nocturnallorises are able to avoid competition with diurnal monkeys and apes

Catarrhini

Old World Monkeys, apes, and Humans

what can Strepsirhines also be called

Prosimians

what is interesting about the types of traits that tarsiers have

Retain complex blend or ancestral and derived traits not seen in any other primate • No rhinarium • Partially-closedeyesocket • Nocturnal • Solitary • Small-bodied

where can Tarsiers be found

Southeast Asian islands (Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines)

what is the only carnivorous primate

Tarsiers

what types of animals are under the Haplorhini suborder

Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes, & Humans

what is Tarsiers type of locomotion

arboreal quadrupedalism

are Lemurs nocturnal or diurnal

diurnal

Strepsirhini primitive feature: Dental comb

forward projecting incisors and canines in lower jaw

what is the IM index equation

humerus + radius _________________________ x 100 = IM index femur + tiba

what is the infraorder under the Strepsirhini suborder

lemuriformes

Strepsirhini primitive feature: Toilet Claw

modification to the second toe of the foot used in grooming

Strepsirhini primitive feature: Rhinarium

the external, wet, fleshy nose of most mammals and all Strepsirhines

what does the presence of a Rhinarium tell us

the importance of the sense of smell

where can Lorises be found

tropical forest and woodland areas of India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Africa

Old World Monkeys

• Locomotion: semi brachiation • More specialized diet than Cercopithecines: 50% leaf- eating, with a special gut to digest leaves Colobines

what is the IM Index

A ratio used to compare limb proportions (forelimbs vs. hindlimbs)