Anthropology: LOCOMOTION, STREPSIRHINES, TARSIERS, & MONKEY
New World Monkeys
- Flat Nose - South America/ Mexico/ Central America - Dental Formula 2133 -arboreal quadrupedalism and some semi-brachiators -rarely leave trees -prehensile tails -All diurnal except for the night monkey
Brachiation -Max postcrainal limb -IM Index -Description of action -representative primate group
- Forelimbs are longer than hindlimb - > 100 - swinging in trees - gibbons and some orangutans
Terrestrial Quadrupedalism -Max postcrainal limb -IM Index -Description of action -representative primate group
- Hindlimbs and forelimbs are about equal length - = 100 - Walk on palms/toes on the ground, some time in the trees - Old World monkeys
Arboreal Quadrupedalism -Max postcrainal limb -IM Index -Description of action -representative primate group
- Hindlimbs and forelimbs are about equal length - = 100 - Walk on palms on top of tree branches - New World (NW) monkeys • NW Monkeys also use prehensile tails for stabilization
what are the two groups Strepsirhines are divided into
- Lemurs - Lorises
what are the two infraorders under the Haplorhini suborder
- Tarsifhorms - Anthropoidea
Bipedalism -Max postcrainal limb -IM Index -Description of action -representative primate group
- hindlimbs - < 100 - Walking on two feet - Hominini
Old World Monkeys
- projecting nose - tropical Africa & Asia - dental formula 2123 - Have tails but are not prehensile tails - Very diverse diet: omnivorous - arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism - Sexual dimorphism
what is the locomotion and IM index of: Quadrupeds
-Approximately equal limb lengths - =100
what is the locomotion and IM index of: Brachiators
-Forelimbs longer than hindlimb - > 100
what is the locomotion and IM index of: Vertical Clingers & Leapers, Bipeds:
-Hindlimb longer than forelimb - < 100
Vertical Clinging & Leaping -Max postcrainal limb -IM Index -Description of action -representative primate group
-Hindlimbs are longer than forelimbs - <100 -Push off branch with long hindlimbs and grasp onto branch -lemurs (strepsirhini) and some tarsiers
what is Lemurs type of locomotion
-Vertical Clinging & Leaping -Push off branch with long hindlimbs and grasp onto branch
what is lorises type of locomotion
-Vertical Clinging & Leaping -slow, deliberate climbers and creepers on forest branches
what are the two superfamilies under the lemuriformes infraorder
-lemuroidea -lorisoidea
what are the two parvorders under the Anthropoid infraorder
-platyrrhini -catarrhini
Strepsirhines ancestral traits
-some are nocturnal -some are solitary - some rely more heavily on smell then vision -lack color vision
is the Haplorhini suborder more primitive or derived
Haplorhines (suborder: haplorhini) have more *derived* primate adaptations
what do you use to predict locomotion patterns
IM index
where can Lemurs be found
Lemurs are the only primate native to *Madagascar*
what type of prederation is there for Lemurs
Little predation and no competition from monkeys or apes
Platyrrhini
New World Monkeys
are Lorises nocturnal or diurnal
Nocturnallorises are able to avoid competition with diurnal monkeys and apes
Catarrhini
Old World Monkeys, apes, and Humans
what can Strepsirhines also be called
Prosimians
what is interesting about the types of traits that tarsiers have
Retain complex blend or ancestral and derived traits not seen in any other primate • No rhinarium • Partially-closedeyesocket • Nocturnal • Solitary • Small-bodied
where can Tarsiers be found
Southeast Asian islands (Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines)
what is the only carnivorous primate
Tarsiers
what types of animals are under the Haplorhini suborder
Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes, & Humans
what is Tarsiers type of locomotion
arboreal quadrupedalism
are Lemurs nocturnal or diurnal
diurnal
Strepsirhini primitive feature: Dental comb
forward projecting incisors and canines in lower jaw
what is the IM index equation
humerus + radius _________________________ x 100 = IM index femur + tiba
what is the infraorder under the Strepsirhini suborder
lemuriformes
Strepsirhini primitive feature: Toilet Claw
modification to the second toe of the foot used in grooming
Strepsirhini primitive feature: Rhinarium
the external, wet, fleshy nose of most mammals and all Strepsirhines
what does the presence of a Rhinarium tell us
the importance of the sense of smell
where can Lorises be found
tropical forest and woodland areas of India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Africa
Old World Monkeys
• Locomotion: semi brachiation • More specialized diet than Cercopithecines: 50% leaf- eating, with a special gut to digest leaves Colobines
what is the IM Index
A ratio used to compare limb proportions (forelimbs vs. hindlimbs)