AP 2 quiz 1
the temperature of blood is about _ than measured body temperature
1 C higher
Pancreatic islets include:
Alpha, beta, delta, and f cells
During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient?
Blood calcium levels will drop.
Target cell activation depends on three factors
Blood levels of the hormone Relative number of receptors on or in the target cell Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone
Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets?
C cell
The disease caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face."
Cushing syndrome
Paracrine stimulation
Effects on neighboring cells
Autocrine stimulation
Effects on the same cell where messenger was formed
Characteristics of ES
Effects: causes metabolic activity changes in target cells Response time: slow reaction time = seconds to hours Duration of response: long-lasting = minutes to weeks
Hormone elimination occurs in multiple ways
Enzymatic degradation in liver cells Removal from blood via kidney excretion or target cell uptake The faster the elimination rate, the lower the blood concentration
functions of gh
Exercise causes a(n) increase in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) increase in GH levels.
Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)?
GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin.
You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?
Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to
INCREASE
down regulation
In response to excessive amounts of hormone, a target cell may reduce its number of receptors for that hormone
Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?
Lipid-soluble hormone
the large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. Which could be the initial stimulus for this pattern of regulation?
Low body temperature
Which of the following is false?
Melatonin makes us feel alert and awake.
Biogenic amines
Neurotransmitters derived from amino acids Water-soluble except for thyroid hormone
Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?
No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex (Corticosteroids, Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Gonadocorticoids)
Antagonistic interactions
One hormone opposes activity of another hormone
T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine)
Origin: Thyroid Target: most cells Effect: increases energy utilization, O2 consumption, growth
Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?
Ovaries and testes
Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system?
Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level
What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?
Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids
Hormone synthesis is done by the gland
The faster the synthesis rate, the higher the blood concentration
Glucagon
The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver
type 1 diabetes
The metabolic condition that results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.
True:
The pineal gland forms part of the epithalamus, The pineal gland is found within the diencephalon of the brain, The pineal gland secretes melatonin in a cyclical fashion.
Which of the following does not have an endocrine function?
Urinary bladder
synergistic interaction
When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell
This figure shows an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback loop. The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. What hormones are represented by the small boxes labeled a, b, and c?
a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TH
Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause
acromegaly
Glucagon and insulin work
antagonistically on blood glucose levels.
The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary are synthesized in the hypothalamus....
are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive.
Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and....
are therefore proteins
Eicosanoids
biologically active compounds that regulate body functions,local hormone formed from fatty acids within phospholipid bilayer of membrane
Glucagon works
by activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often
causes target cells to up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.
The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. What endocrine glands are indicated by the letters d and e?
d = hypothalamus, e = anterior pituitary
oxygen poor blood is _ in color
dark red
In most of its target cells, cortisol
decreases glucose uptake and increases protein metabolism.
the viscosity of blood is _ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _ proportional to the amount of fluid
directly, indirectly
Endocrine glands:
ductless glands the organs of the endocrine system secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary, and it targets
follicular cells of the thyroid gland.
Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone the more .
frequently it must be replaced
Transportation
function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones
Protection
function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies
Growth hormone stimulates
gluconeogénesis
As growth hormone levels in the blood increase,
glycogenolysis increases.
Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by
humoral stimulation.
Oxytocin results in more forceful smooth muscle contractions
in the uterus by causing target cells to increase production of inositol triphosphate.
Insulin causes
increase in glycogenesis in the liver increase in lipogenesis in adipose.
Thyroid hormone's effects are to increase metabolic rate and body temperature by
increasing protein synthesis in target cells.
Cortisol binds to
intracellular receptors and has the effect of raising blood glucose levels.
Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium
its secretion regulation is said to be both hormonal and humoral.
Anterior pituitary
lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones
Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has
more widespread and long-lasting effects.
Permissive interactions
one hormone requires activity of another hormone
The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are ....
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the...
paraventricular nucleus
The parathyroid glands are located
posterior to the thyroid gland.
The half-life of a hormone is the time necessary to
reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted.
In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of
regulation by negative feedback
Hormonal stimulation
release of a hormone in response to another hormone
Humoral stimulation
release of a hormone in response to changes in level of nutrient or ion in the blood
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is
secreted by the hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is
stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Calcitonin:
stimulates osteoblast activity.
Growth hormone is secreted by somatotropic cells in .
the anterior pituitary
When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered,
the hormone itself is the first messenger.
The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by.
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called
thyroglobulin by the follicular cells.
primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is
to stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.
The term down-regulation refers
to the process by which a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone.
Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body.
true
Protein hormones are
water-soluble.
