AP 2 quiz 1

the temperature of blood is about _ than measured body temperature

1 C higher

Pancreatic islets include:

Alpha, beta, delta, and f cells

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient?

Blood calcium levels will drop.

Target cell activation depends on three factors

Blood levels of the hormone Relative number of receptors on or in the target cell Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone

Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets?

C cell

The disease caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face."

Cushing syndrome

Paracrine stimulation

Effects on neighboring cells

Autocrine stimulation

Effects on the same cell where messenger was formed

Characteristics of ES

Effects: causes metabolic activity changes in target cells Response time: slow reaction time = seconds to hours Duration of response: long-lasting = minutes to weeks

Hormone elimination occurs in multiple ways

Enzymatic degradation in liver cells Removal from blood via kidney excretion or target cell uptake The faster the elimination rate, the lower the blood concentration

functions of gh

Exercise causes a(n) increase in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) increase in GH levels.

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)?

GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin.

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to

INCREASE

down regulation

In response to excessive amounts of hormone, a target cell may reduce its number of receptors for that hormone

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

Lipid-soluble hormone

the large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. Which could be the initial stimulus for this pattern of regulation?

Low body temperature

Which of the following is false?

Melatonin makes us feel alert and awake.

Biogenic amines

Neurotransmitters derived from amino acids Water-soluble except for thyroid hormone

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?

No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex (Corticosteroids, Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Gonadocorticoids)

Antagonistic interactions

One hormone opposes activity of another hormone

T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine)

Origin: Thyroid Target: most cells Effect: increases energy utilization, O2 consumption, growth

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

Ovaries and testes

Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system?

Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?

Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

Hormone synthesis is done by the gland

The faster the synthesis rate, the higher the blood concentration

Glucagon

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver

type 1 diabetes

The metabolic condition that results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.

True:

The pineal gland forms part of the epithalamus, The pineal gland is found within the diencephalon of the brain, The pineal gland secretes melatonin in a cyclical fashion.

Which of the following does not have an endocrine function?

Urinary bladder

synergistic interaction

When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell

This figure shows an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback loop. The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. What hormones are represented by the small boxes labeled a, b, and c?

a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TH

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

acromegaly

Glucagon and insulin work

antagonistically on blood glucose levels.

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary are synthesized in the hypothalamus....

are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive.

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and....

are therefore proteins

Eicosanoids

biologically active compounds that regulate body functions,local hormone formed from fatty acids within phospholipid bilayer of membrane

Glucagon works

by activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often

causes target cells to up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. What endocrine glands are indicated by the letters d and e?

d = hypothalamus, e = anterior pituitary

oxygen poor blood is _ in color

dark red

In most of its target cells, cortisol

decreases glucose uptake and increases protein metabolism.

the viscosity of blood is _ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _ proportional to the amount of fluid

directly, indirectly

Endocrine glands:

ductless glands the organs of the endocrine system secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary, and it targets

follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone the more .

frequently it must be replaced

Transportation

function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones

Protection

function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies

Growth hormone stimulates

gluconeogénesis

As growth hormone levels in the blood increase,

glycogenolysis increases.

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by

humoral stimulation.

Oxytocin results in more forceful smooth muscle contractions

in the uterus by causing target cells to increase production of inositol triphosphate.

Insulin causes

increase in glycogenesis in the liver increase in lipogenesis in adipose.

Thyroid hormone's effects are to increase metabolic rate and body temperature by

increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

Cortisol binds to

intracellular receptors and has the effect of raising blood glucose levels.

Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium

its secretion regulation is said to be both hormonal and humoral.

Anterior pituitary

lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has

more widespread and long-lasting effects.

Permissive interactions

one hormone requires activity of another hormone

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are ....

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the...

paraventricular nucleus

The parathyroid glands are located

posterior to the thyroid gland.

The half-life of a hormone is the time necessary to

reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted.

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of

regulation by negative feedback

Hormonal stimulation

release of a hormone in response to another hormone

Humoral stimulation

release of a hormone in response to changes in level of nutrient or ion in the blood

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is

secreted by the hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is

stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Calcitonin:

stimulates osteoblast activity.

Growth hormone is secreted by somatotropic cells in .

the anterior pituitary

When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered,

the hormone itself is the first messenger.

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by.

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called

thyroglobulin by the follicular cells.

primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is

to stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

The term down-regulation refers

to the process by which a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone.

Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body.

true

Protein hormones are

water-soluble.