AP bio biochemistry
how many elements are in living organisms
25
what is the pH range for most biological fluids
6.5-8.2
rain pH
6.8
blood pH
7.35
how many natural occurring elements
92
anion
A negatively charged ion
cation
A positively charged ion
valence electron
An electron in one of the outer shells of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms
electronegativity
Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond.
which elements are 96%
CHON
hydrogen bond
a bond formed in polar molecules
molecules
a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
tissue
a group of similar cells
species
a population that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring
organelle
a structural component of a cell
biosphere
all environments on Earth
population
all individuals of species in particular area
ecosystem
all living and nonliving in particular area
community
all organisms in an ecosystem
high heat of vaporization
amount of energy needed for water to go from a liquid to gas
organism
an individual living thing
matter
anything that has mass and volume
electrons located
around nucleus
why does ice float
because as the water expands and freezes, and more hydrogen bonds form, the ice is less dense than water, making it float on top of water
why is water cohesive
because it holds hydrogen bonds together to create surface tension
explain why water is a polar molecule
because it is partially positive and partially negative and its due to oxygen's high electronegativity
why does water expand when it freezes
because more hydrogen bonds form when it freezes and it expands and becomes less dense
why does water have a relatively high heat of vaporization
because water forms 4 hydrogen bonds and the more hydrogen bonds it has, the more heat it takes
why does water have a greater degree of surface tension than most other liquids.
because water has cohesion and hydrogen bonds at the surface that aid in the development of surface tension
why does water have a high specific heat
because water is resistant to change and temperature
hemoglobin
carries oxygen
ions
charged particles
what is the biological importance of water's cohesive and adhesive properties
cohesion helps develop surface tension and adhesion forces pull the water toward other molecules. move up through living organisms
buffers function
combines with either H+ ions or OH- ions
buffers description
compounds that tend to neutralize the pH of a solution
solvent
dissolving agent
bases
donate hydroxide
acids
donate protons to water to form hydronium ions
increase H+ in buffer system
drink lemon juice; producing bicarbonate by adding a H+ to HCO3
compounds
elements combine to form substances with 2 or more atoms
period on periodic table
filling same energy levels
trace elements
found in smaller quantities
ionic bonds
give electrons
characteristics of life
growth and development reproduction contain DNA made up of cells order
solution
homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
neutrons located
in nucleus
protons located
in nucleus
inductive reasoning
involves generalizing based on many specific observations
why is water a versatile solvent
it dissolves more substances than any other liquid. Also because it can connect to ions and other polar molecules and dissolve them.
what is the biological importance of the expansion of water when it freezes
its important because the spaces make the ice less dense and makes the ice float; forms at top of lake
cell
life's fundamental unit of structure and function
colloids
light does not penetrate
transpiration cohesion theory
loss of water in leaves water allows it to go against gravity
solute
material being dissolved
high surface tension
more hydrogen bonding happens near surface and hard to break through
in general, what kinds of material will not dissolve in water
non-polar molecules
isotope
number of neutrons that vary
atomic number
number of protons
atomic mass
number of protons and neutrons
explain how water is able to form 4 hydrogen bonds
oxygen molecules need two more electrons to fill valence shell
Properties of water
polar: partially + and - high heat of vaporization high surface tension higher specific heat cohesion and adhesion
increase rate and depth of respiration for buffer system
producing bicarbonate by adding CO2 to H2O
right side of equation
product
chemical properties
properties that do change the chemical nature of matter
physical properties
properties that do not change the chemical nature of matter
left side of equation
reactant
groups on periodic table
same number of electrons
covalent bonds
share electrons
what is the biological importance of water's high specific heat
so the body can have controlled temperature and not have heat rise rapidly
aqueous solution
solution where water is solvent
organ and organ system
specialized body parts made up of tissues
what fluid is the exception to this range
stomach acid, HCL
dissociation of water
strong acids completely dissociate in water
elements
substances that can't be broken down into simpler substances
adhesion
the ability of hydrogen bonds to attract different types of molecules
cohesion
the ability of hydrogen bonds to attract like molecules
solubility of solutions
the amount of solute a solvent can dissolve
what is the biological importance of water's relatively high heat of vaporization
the importance is the amount of energy needed for water to go from a liquid to a gas
deductive reasoning
the logic flows from the general to the specific
buffers importance
to keep the solution neutral
atoms
unable to be cut the smalls particle of an element that still has the characteristics of that element
hydrophobic
water fearing; molecules that do not have an affinity for water
higher specific heat
water is resistant to change and temperature
hydrophilic
water loving; molecules with an affinity for water
mixtures
when one or more atoms are physically combined but not chemically combined