AP bio biochemistry

how many elements are in living organisms

25

what is the pH range for most biological fluids

6.5-8.2

rain pH

6.8

blood pH

7.35

how many natural occurring elements

92

anion

A negatively charged ion

cation

A positively charged ion

valence electron

An electron in one of the outer shells of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms

electronegativity

Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond.

which elements are 96%

CHON

hydrogen bond

a bond formed in polar molecules

molecules

a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

tissue

a group of similar cells

species

a population that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring

organelle

a structural component of a cell

biosphere

all environments on Earth

population

all individuals of species in particular area

ecosystem

all living and nonliving in particular area

community

all organisms in an ecosystem

high heat of vaporization

amount of energy needed for water to go from a liquid to gas

organism

an individual living thing

matter

anything that has mass and volume

electrons located

around nucleus

why does ice float

because as the water expands and freezes, and more hydrogen bonds form, the ice is less dense than water, making it float on top of water

why is water cohesive

because it holds hydrogen bonds together to create surface tension

explain why water is a polar molecule

because it is partially positive and partially negative and its due to oxygen's high electronegativity

why does water expand when it freezes

because more hydrogen bonds form when it freezes and it expands and becomes less dense

why does water have a relatively high heat of vaporization

because water forms 4 hydrogen bonds and the more hydrogen bonds it has, the more heat it takes

why does water have a greater degree of surface tension than most other liquids.

because water has cohesion and hydrogen bonds at the surface that aid in the development of surface tension

why does water have a high specific heat

because water is resistant to change and temperature

hemoglobin

carries oxygen

ions

charged particles

what is the biological importance of water's cohesive and adhesive properties

cohesion helps develop surface tension and adhesion forces pull the water toward other molecules. move up through living organisms

buffers function

combines with either H+ ions or OH- ions

buffers description

compounds that tend to neutralize the pH of a solution

solvent

dissolving agent

bases

donate hydroxide

acids

donate protons to water to form hydronium ions

increase H+ in buffer system

drink lemon juice; producing bicarbonate by adding a H+ to HCO3

compounds

elements combine to form substances with 2 or more atoms

period on periodic table

filling same energy levels

trace elements

found in smaller quantities

ionic bonds

give electrons

characteristics of life

growth and development reproduction contain DNA made up of cells order

solution

homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

neutrons located

in nucleus

protons located

in nucleus

inductive reasoning

involves generalizing based on many specific observations

why is water a versatile solvent

it dissolves more substances than any other liquid. Also because it can connect to ions and other polar molecules and dissolve them.

what is the biological importance of the expansion of water when it freezes

its important because the spaces make the ice less dense and makes the ice float; forms at top of lake

cell

life's fundamental unit of structure and function

colloids

light does not penetrate

transpiration cohesion theory

loss of water in leaves water allows it to go against gravity

solute

material being dissolved

high surface tension

more hydrogen bonding happens near surface and hard to break through

in general, what kinds of material will not dissolve in water

non-polar molecules

isotope

number of neutrons that vary

atomic number

number of protons

atomic mass

number of protons and neutrons

explain how water is able to form 4 hydrogen bonds

oxygen molecules need two more electrons to fill valence shell

Properties of water

polar: partially + and - high heat of vaporization high surface tension higher specific heat cohesion and adhesion

increase rate and depth of respiration for buffer system

producing bicarbonate by adding CO2 to H2O

right side of equation

product

chemical properties

properties that do change the chemical nature of matter

physical properties

properties that do not change the chemical nature of matter

left side of equation

reactant

groups on periodic table

same number of electrons

covalent bonds

share electrons

what is the biological importance of water's high specific heat

so the body can have controlled temperature and not have heat rise rapidly

aqueous solution

solution where water is solvent

organ and organ system

specialized body parts made up of tissues

what fluid is the exception to this range

stomach acid, HCL

dissociation of water

strong acids completely dissociate in water

elements

substances that can't be broken down into simpler substances

adhesion

the ability of hydrogen bonds to attract different types of molecules

cohesion

the ability of hydrogen bonds to attract like molecules

solubility of solutions

the amount of solute a solvent can dissolve

what is the biological importance of water's relatively high heat of vaporization

the importance is the amount of energy needed for water to go from a liquid to a gas

deductive reasoning

the logic flows from the general to the specific

buffers importance

to keep the solution neutral

atoms

unable to be cut the smalls particle of an element that still has the characteristics of that element

hydrophobic

water fearing; molecules that do not have an affinity for water

higher specific heat

water is resistant to change and temperature

hydrophilic

water loving; molecules with an affinity for water

mixtures

when one or more atoms are physically combined but not chemically combined