AP Bio Chapter 4 Exam: Cell Parts and Functions

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules? A. Centrioles only B. Both centrioles and basal bodies C. Both flagella and motile cilia D. Both motile cilia and primary (nonmotile) cilia E. Both basal bodies and primary (nonmotile) cilia

Both flagella and motile cilia

Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?

Centrosomes

Which structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system? A. ER B. Chloroplast C. Plasma membrane D. Golgi apparatus E. Nuclear envelope

Chloroplast

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in

Chloroplasts

Centrioles, cilia, flagella, and basal bodies have remarkably similar structural elements and arrangements. Which of the following hypotheses is most plausible in light of such structural similarities? A. Motor proteins such as dynein must have evolved before any of these four kinds of structures B. Loss of basal bodies should lead to loss of all cilia, flagella, and centrioles C. Natural selection for cell motility repeatedly selected for microtubular arrays in circular patterns in the evolution of each of these structures D. Cilia and flagella arise from the centrioles E. Cilia and flagella coevolved in the same ancestral eukaryotic organism

Cilia and flagella arise from the centrioles

Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?

Cytoskeletal structures

Which of the following statements concerning cells of bacteria and archaea is correct? A. DNA is present in mitochondria of both bacteria and archaea B. Archaea contain a membrane-bound nucleus; bacteria do not C. Archaea contain small membrane-enclosed organelles;bacteria do not D. DNA is present in both archaea and bacteria

DNA is present in both archaea and bacteria

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

ER -> Golgi -> Vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

What is the reason that a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the subnanometer level, as opposed to the tens of nanometers achievable for the best super-resolution light microscope?

Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved

Endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell- the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through

Gap junctions

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?

Gap junctions

Modifies membrane phospholipids

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

Golgi apparatus

A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its

Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix

In a plant cell, DNA may be found

In the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

Signs from the ECM to the cytoskeleton may be transmitted by

Integrins

The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following? A. Gap junctions B. Plasmodesmata C. DNA and RNA D. The nucleus E. Integrins

Integrins

Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?

Its structure is not derived from the ER or Golgi

The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that

Light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells

Contains hydrolytic enzymes

Lysosome

Helps to recycle the cell's organic material

Lysosome

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells? A. Glyoxysome B. Lysosome C. Chloroplast D. Central vacuole E. Peroxisome

Lysosome

Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes? A. Lysosome B. Mitochondrion C. Vacuole D. Golgi apparatus E. Peroxisome

Lysosome

Which of the following makes it necessary for animal cells, although they have no cell walls, to have intercellular junctions? A. Large molecules, such as proteins and RNA molecules, do not readily get through one, much less two, adjacent cell membranes B. Maintenance of tissue integrity and barriers to fluid leakage requires cells to adhere tightly to one another C. Cell membranes do not distinguish the types of ions and molecules passing through them D. The relative shapelessness of animal cells requires a mechanism for keeping the cells aligned E. Cell-to-cell communication requires physical attachment of one cell to another

Maintenace of tissue integrity and barriers to fluid leakage requires cells to adhere tightly to one another

Which structure-function pair is mismatched? A. Golgi; protein-trafficking B. Microtubule; muscle contraction C. Ribosome; protein synthesis D. Nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits E. Lysosome; intracellular digestion

Microtubule; muscle contraction

Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?

Microtubules and motor proteins

Contains cristae

Mitochondria

Contains its own DNA and ribosomes

Mitochondria

Site of oxidative cellular respiration

Mitochondria

What types of proteins are NOT synthesized in the rough ER?

Mitochondrial proteins

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondrion

Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

Mitochondrion

Which structure is common to plant AND animal cells?

Mitochondrion

Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. A cell treated with cytochalasin D will still be able to

Move vesicles around the cell

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true? A. Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other B. The dynamic aspect of cytoskeletal function is made possible by the assembly and disassembly of a large variety of proteins into complex aggregates. C. Transport vesicles among the membranes of the endomembrane system produce the cytoskeleton. D. Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would cause little effect on the cell's response to external signals and stimuli E. Microfilaments are structurally rigid and resist compression, whereas microtubules resist tension (stretching)

Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from

Nearly any eukaryotic organism

One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the endomembrane system. What eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of, or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system?

Nuclear envelope

Ribosomal subunits are being manufactured where

Nucleolus

Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge? A. Vacuoles, ribosomes, nucleus B. Nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts C. Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes D. Chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuoles E. Ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In light of the endosymbiont theory for the evolutionary origin of mitochondria, where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokayotic cells?

On the plasma membrane

Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?

Peroxisome

Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes?

Phagocytic white blood cell

All of the following serve an important role in determining or maintaining the structure of plant cells. Which of the following are distinct from the others in their composition? A. Intermediate filaments B. Nuclear lamina C. Microtubules D. Microfilaments E. Plant cell walls

Plant cell walls

The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that

Plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm

Contains cholesterol (most talked about area where it is found)

Plasma membrane

Which type of organelle is found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?

Plastids

A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely

Producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

Proteins

Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells? A. Prokaryotes contain large pores in their plasma membrane that permit the movement of proteins out of the cell B. The mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes C. Prokaryotes are unlikely to be able to secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system D. Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane E. In prokaryotes, the ribosomes that are used for the synthesis of secreted proteins are located outside of the cell

Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane

Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells? A. The difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes B. Rigid cell walls that limit cell size expansion C. Evolutionary progression in cell size; more primitive cells have smaller sizes D. The need for sufficient surface area to support the cell's metabolic needs E. Limitation on the strength and integrity of the plasma membrane as cell size increases

The need for sufficient surface area to support the cell's metabolic needs

The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures? A. They must block water and small molecules in order to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment B. They must permit information transfer between the cell's cytoplasm and the nucleus C. They are composed of a mixture of lipids and carbohydrates D. They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume E. They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell

They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell

What do the cell walls of plants and the extracellular matrix of animal cells have in common?

They have functional connections with the cytoskeleton inside the cell

In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and

Transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide

When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using a

Transmission electronic microscope

Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella? A. Actin B. Intermediate filaments C. Tubulin D. Laminin E. Secretory Vesicles

Tubulin

A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the organelles. Organelles in one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, whereas organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain, respectively,

chloroplasts and mitochondria

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?

The lysosome

The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarrary, what would you expect to be the most likely immediate consequence?

A change in the shape of the nucleus

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity? A. Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side B. Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other C. Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. D. Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other E. All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.

All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell EXCEPT A. A plasma membrane B. DNA C. An endoplasmic reticulum D. Ribosomes E. A cell wall

An endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? A. Nuclear envelope B. Chloroplast C. Mitochondrion D. Ribosome E. ER

Ribosome

Structure for building proteins

Ribosomes

ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?

Rough ER

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

Rough ER

A primary objective of cell fractionation is to

Separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells? A. Smooth ER B. Transport Vesicles C. Nuclear Envelope D. Golgi Apparatus E. Rough ER

Smooth Er

Secretes many steroids and other lipids

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by

The function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

Vacuole