Ch 21 SB Lymphatic system
Which areas of an antibody determine specificity?
A
What is artificial active immunity?
Acquiring one's own immunity against an attenuated pathogen
When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen, it is exhibiting what type of immunity?
Active
Which lymphatic vessels carry lymph into a lymph node?
Afferent
Antibodies provide an important defense against bacteria when they bind two or more cells together. What is this immobilization called?
Agglutination
What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?
Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes
What is lymphedema?
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues
Which describe lysozyme?
An enzyme Capable of destroying bacteria Found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids
The germinal center is represented in the figure by which letter?
C
Which complement pathway is antibody-mediated?
Classical
Which tissues lack lymphatic vessels?
Cornea Bone marrow Cartilage
What class of chemical agents do interleukins and interferons belong to?
Cytokines
The function of complement is to induce pathogen destruction by several mechanisms. Identify four of these.
Cytolysis Immune clearance Inflammation Phagocytosis of pathogens
Which T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting perforins and granzymes?
Cytotoxic
Which T cells carry out attacks on foreign cells?
Cytotoxic
___________T cells attack foreign cells
Cytotoxic
Which cells induce cytolysis by secreting perforin?
Cytotoxic T cells NK cells
Name the leukocyte that would help a patient combat a parasitic tapeworm infection.
Eosinophil
What is the region of an antigen that stimulates an immune response?
Epitope
Any surface glycolipid on a bacterium or virus that stimulates fever is what type of pyrogen?
Exogenous
What does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of?
External barriers
True or false: A pathogen or a tissue transplant is an example of a host cell.
False
True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.
False
True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.
False
True or false: Complement functions to induce pathogen destruction by inducing apoptosis.
False
True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.
False
True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.
False
Where in a lymph node do B-cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and activation?
Germinal center
Which is too small to be antigenic by itself, but can induce an immune response when bound to a larger molecule?
Hapten
Hyperemia is the basis for which cardinal inflammatory signs?
Heat Redness
Usually, a B cell requires costimulation from a ____________ T cell to begin the process of clonal selection.
Helper
Which T cell plays an integral role in both humoral and cell mediated immunity?
Helper T cell
_____________T cells perform a central coordinating role in both humoral and cellular immunity.
Helper or CD4
Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete?
Humoral
Some bacteria produce which enzyme that allows them to more readily spread throughout connective tissues?
Hyaluronidase
Where is body temperature regulated?
Hypothalamus
MHC class ______ proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein.
I
Class ______ MHC proteins occur only on APCs.
II
Which are characteristics of a primary immune response?
IgM antibodies are formed first. It occurs with the first exposure to an antigen. Antibodies first appear 3-6 days after exposure, peaking at day 10.
What are three functions of the lymphatic system?
Immunity Fluid recovery from tissues Absorption of lipids
What is it called when mature T-cells become capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs?
Immunocompetence
Where is lymph found?
In lymphatic vessels
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
In most body tissues, except the CNS, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow
Which type of defense guards against a broad range of pathogens?
Innate
Which protein inhibits the viral infection of neighboring cells?
Interferon
Which substance induces the production of antiviral proteins?
Interferon
Which class of cytokines promotes the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells?
Interleukins
A T cell will only become activated if what occurs? Select all that apply.
It is costimulated by other surface molecules. It binds to a foreign antigen presented on an MHC protein.
Which are characteristics of a secondary immune response?
It occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen. IgG antibodies are formed first. Antibodies first appear within hours, peaking at day 3.
What is the tough protein of skin that few pathogens can penetrate?
Keratin
Which byproduct of fermentation is excreted in the sweat where it inhibits microbial growth?
Lactic acid
The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic duct, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks? Select two.
Lumbar Intestinal
Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which of the following?
Lymphatic organs
Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?
Lymphatic system
Which component of the lymphatic system consists of unencapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes within many organs of the body?
Lymphatic tissues
Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?
Lymphatic vessel
Natural killer cells belong to which group of cells?
Lymphocytes
Which leukocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity?
Lymphocytes
____________is an enzyme found in tears, saliva, and mucus that destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls
Lysozyme
The proteins on the surface of APCs that function to present antigens to other cells are called the ______.
MHC proteins
Which describe MHC proteins?
MHC proteins function as self identity markers. MHC proteins present exogenous antigens. MHC proteins present endogenous antigens.
Once a B cell binds an antigen, it phagocytizes it and displays antigen fragments on what molecules?
MHC-II proteins
What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?
Macrophages
Which cells function as antigen presenting cells?
Macrophages Dendritic cells
During the inflammatory response, leukocytes traveling through the blood adhere to the blood vessel walls by which process?
Margination
When reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness. Which characteristic of immunity is is this?
Memory
____________T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity. Listen to the complete question
Memory
Which T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and responsible for subsequent immune responses to the same antigen?
Memory T cells
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
Red bone marrow
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation in what part of the spleen?
Red pulp
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? Select all that apply.
Redness Pain Heat Swelling
__________T cells inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells, and thus limit immune responses.
Regulatory
Which T cell inhibits multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells and thus limits immune responses?
Regulatory T cell
Which cells produce the stroma of lymphatic organs?
Reticular cells
Which collecting duct receives the least amount of lymph?
Right lymphatic duct
The great diversity in the specificity of antibody molecules is produced through which processes?
Somatic hypermutation Somatic recombination
Which characteristic describes how immunity is directed against a particular pathogen, and that immunity to one pathogen usually does not confer immunity to others?
Specificity
What is the body's largest lymphatic organ?
Spleen
The respiratory burst by neutrophils leads to the production of which of the following?
Superoxide anion Hydrogen peroxide Hypochlorite
______ lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish maturation in the thymus.
T
Most lymphocytes circulating in blood are ______.
T cells
Which class of lymphocyte matures in the thymus?
T cells
Why do memory T cells allow for a faster immune response when the body is exposed to the same antigen again?
There are fewer steps to activation. There are more of them.
Which describes a clonal population of T cells?
They are self-tolerant. They are identical. They react to the same antigen.
Which line of defense not only defeats a pathogen but also leaves the body with a "memory" of it?
Third
Which duct drains the most lymph?
Thoracic duct
Which vessel is indicated in the figure?
Thoracic duct
Which are primary lymphatic organs?
Thymus Red bone marrow
What is the function of a lacteal?
To absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food
What are the immunological benefits of inflammation?
To limit the spread of pathogens To remove the debris of damaged tissue To initiate tissue repair
Bacteria and viruses are examples of pathogens.
True
True or False: A person can live without a spleen.
True
True or false: Interleukins are a class of cytokines secreted by a variety of cells which function to promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.
True
Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting which of the following?
Tumor necrosis factor Perforins Granzymes Interferons
What is required for activation of a B cell?
Usually, it must bind a helper T cell. It must bind an antigen on several surface receptors.
What does hyperemia result from?
Vasodilation
Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?
Veins
When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?
When it enters the lymphatic capillaries
Molecules that function to render antigens harmless by neutralization, complement fixation, agglutination and precipitation are called ______.
antibodies
Cells that phagocytize antigens and display antigenic fragments on their surface are called _____________-presenting cells.
antigen
A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.
antigen presenting
A fever reducing agent is called a(n) ______.
antipyretic
Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic
capillaries
Lymphatic vessels are absent from ______.
cartilage and bone
The structure indicated in the figure is the ______.
cisterna chyli
The process called ______________selection results in the formation of a clone of identical T cells programmed against the same epitope.
clonal
Identical cells produced by mitosis from a single parent cell are called ______.
clones
The alternative, classical, and lectin pathways are the three pathways to activate ______.
complement
Lymphatic nodules are located in the ______ of the lymph node.
cortex
The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting
ducts
Lymphatic vessels that carry lymph away from a lymph node are called _________lymphatic vessels.
efferent
A ______________ center is an area within the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs.
germinal
NK cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells by secreting which protein-degrading enzymes?
granzymes
Platelets and endothelial cells secrete platelet-derived ____________factor, which stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts.
growth
An incomplete antigen is also known as a ______.
hapten
Which is an anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells?
heparin
Basophils and mast cells release ___________ , which increases blood flow and speeds the delivery of leukocytes to an area.
histamine
Any cell belonging to the human body, as opposed to foreign cells introduced to it by such causes as infections and tissue transplants, is called a ______ cell.
host
B cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity and T cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity.
humoral, cell-mediated
The connective tissue of skin and mucous membranes produces ______ acid, a viscous gel that inhibits the migration of microbes.
hyaluronic
The ______, part of the brain, regulates and maintains body temperature. Its set point is elevated during a fever.
hypothalamus
B cells or T cells that are mature and are capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs are described as
immunocompetent
What are the beneficial effects of fever?
inhibition of bacterial and viral replication, elevated metabolic rate, elevated interferon activity
The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the
lacteals
The organic acid that may be excreted in sweat and inhibits microbial growth is _________ acid.
lactic
Alveolar macrophages are found in the ______.
lungs
The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called
lymph
An abnormal accumulation of non-inflammatory tissue fluid resulting in swelling is known as
lymphadema
The characteristic of immunity termed ___________ describes how, when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness.
memory
A(n) ____________migrates into the tissues where it transforms into a macrophage.
monocyte
What does MALT stand for?
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
A T cell which has undergone positive and negative selection but has not become activated by an antigen is said to be
naive or immunocompetent
The ___________killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.
natural
An elevated neutrophil count is called ______.
neutrophilia
A small organ found along the course of a lymphatic vessel that filters the lymph and functions as an activation site for B and T cells is called a lymph __________
node
In artificial ___________ immunity, the body is injected with antibodies from another person or an animal.
passive
A cytolytic protein secreted by NK cells is ______
perforin
Macrophages are ______ cells.
phagocytic
A ___________cell produces antibodies.
plasma
The accumulation of dead cells, fluid, and tissue debris is called
pus
The T cell ______ response allows memory cells to mount a faster response upon exposure to the same pathogen later.
recall
Dendritic cells engulf foreign matter by ______.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Hemopoiesis occurs in the _________bone marrow.
red
Sinuses filled with concentrated erythrocytes make up the ______ pulp of the spleen.
red
The branched ______________cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus.
reticular
The two collecting ducts are the ______ ducts.
right and thoracic
The _______ is indicated by the arrow in the figure.
right lymphatic duct
Fever and inflammation belong to the body's ______ line of defense.
second
The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.
secondary
The type of recombination whereby several hundred DNA segments are shuffled and combined in various ways to produce antibody genes unique to each clone of B cells is ______ recombination.
somatic
What is the third line of defense against pathogens?
specific defense
The characteristic of immunity describing how it is directed against a particular pathogen is ______.
specificity
The large lymphatic organ located near the diaphragm, stomach, and left kidney is the
spleen
A surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed is called a(n) ____________.
splenectomy
Which are features of lymphatic vessels?
-A tunica interna is present-Smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall-Valves are present
What are functions of lymph nodes?
-Filtration of lymph -Site of B and T cell activation
Which factors cause or contribute to the flow of lymph?
-The respiratory pump -Valves -The skeletal muscle pump
Place the events of the humoral response in order.
1) immunocompetent B cells bind to an antigen 2) a B cell internalizes an antigen and displays it on MHC-II proteins to TH cells 3) TH cells secrete interleukins which activate the B cell 4) the B cell undergoes clonal selection 5) B cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells 6) plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies
Place the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order.
1. afferent lymphatic vessel 2. sub capsular sinus of the cortex 3. sinuses of cortex and medulla 4. efferent lymphatic vessel
Place the flow of fluid in order, beginning with blood in the blood capillaries.
1. blood capillaries (blood) 2. interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid) 3. lymphatic capillaries (lymph) 4. lymphatic vessels (lymph) 5. lymphatic ducts (lymph) 6. internal jugular and subclavian vein junction
How many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body?
11
Match each letter in the figure with its anatomical structure.
A - Pharyngeal tonsil B - Palatine tonsil C - Lingual tonsil
Which cells carry MHC class II proteins?
APCs
What is an accumulation of pus in a tissue cavity called?
Abscess
Humoral immunity is mediated by ______ lymphocytes.
B
Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n)
Antigen
What is any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response called?
Antigen
Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface?
Antigen-presenting cell
Interferons, complement, defensins and granzymes are examples of which of the following?
Antimicrobial proteins
What does the body's second line of defense against pathogens consist of?
Antimicrobial proteins, leukocytes, and macrophages
Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins and are generally called what?
Antipyretics
To confirm exposure to an antigen what is measured to demonstrate that an immune response has occurred?
Antibody titer
What is the level of antibody present in the blood plasma called?
Antibody titer
The lymphocyte that mediates humoral immune responses and differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cells is the ______.
B cell
What are two cell types that secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins, thus inducing the inflammatory response?
Basophils Mast cells
Which globulins make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity?
Complement
Which proteins found in blood are involved in the nonspecific defense against pathogens?
Complement
What are three antimicrobial proteins?
Complement Defensin Interferon
Antibodies function to render antigens harmless by which of the following?
Complement fixation Precipitation Neutralization Agglutination
On the image, which area of an antibody determines its class?
D
Which of the following forms pus?
Dead neutrophils and macrophages
What is the exocytosis of lysosomal contents by neutrophils called?
Degranulation
The cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is the
Dendritic cell
What type of macrophage moves into a specific tissue, then remains within that tissue waiting to phagocytize pathogens?
Fixed
Which leukocyte transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues?
Monocyte
Which describes a neutrophil?
Multi-lobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules
What is a mature T-cell that has not been activated by an antigen called?
Naive
During which of the following are self-reacting T cells eliminated?
Negative T cell selection
Which leukocyte destroys bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and the secretion of bactericidal chemicals?
Neutrophil
Where are type I MHC proteins found?
On all nucleated body cells
Examples of pathogens are ______.
viruses fungi bacteria
When the body acquires antibodies from another person or an animal that has developed its own immunity to the pathogen, this type what type of immunity?
Passive
___________ cells secrete antibodies.
Plasma
Which cell produces antibodies?
Plasma cell
Which is secreted by platelets and endothelial cells and stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts?
Platelet derived growth factor
List the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites.
Produce superoxide anion Produce hydrogen peroxide
Cellular immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells, while humoral immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells.
T, B
To function properly, T cells must have which two traits?
The ability to recognize self MHC proteins A lack of reactivity to self peptide fragments
Which features of skin offer immunoprotection?
The presence of lactic acid The presence of a continuous barrier to the external environment The presence of defensins
When pus accumulates in a tissue cavity that may sometimes form a blister between the dermis and epidermis, it is called a(n
abscess
In natural __________ immunity, the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen.
active
The type of defense that provides future protection against a pathogen is called ______ immunity.
adaptive
Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels.
afferent, efferent
The clumping of cells by antibodies is called ______.
agglutination
Leukocytes crawl through gaps between endothelial cells into the tissue fluid by means of a process called
emigration or diapedesis
Self-proteins, such as interferon and interleukins, that induce fever are called ______ pyrogens.
endogenous
An elevated eosinophil count is called ______.
eosinophilia
Which line of defense consists of external barriers?
the skin
Adaptive immunity is part of the body's ______ line of defense.
third
The duct that drains lymph from the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb and the left side of the head neck and thorax is the ______.
thoracic duct
The bilobed lymphatic organ that is located in the mediastinum is the
thymus
The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the ______.
thymus
The organ where T-cells mature is the ______.
thymus
Where do T cells mature?
thymus
The ______ are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, where they guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens.
tonsils
The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as ______.
valves
Match each type of immunity with the correct example. Instructions
• natural active immunity = a person develops resistance to a virus picked up from a drinking fountain • artificial active immunity = a person is given an attenuated smallpox virus and develops resistance • natural passive immunity = a baby acquires resistance to a virus through antibodies obtained through breast milk • artificial passive immunity = an antibody is injected into a person who has been bitted by a snake; the antibody infers resistance match each type o