Ch 21 SB Lymphatic system

Which areas of an antibody determine specificity?

A

What is artificial active immunity?

Acquiring one's own immunity against an attenuated pathogen

When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen, it is exhibiting what type of immunity?

Active

Which lymphatic vessels carry lymph into a lymph node?

Afferent

Antibodies provide an important defense against bacteria when they bind two or more cells together. What is this immobilization called?

Agglutination

What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?

Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes

What is lymphedema?

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues

Which describe lysozyme?

An enzyme Capable of destroying bacteria Found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids

The germinal center is represented in the figure by which letter?

C

Which complement pathway is antibody-mediated?

Classical

Which tissues lack lymphatic vessels?

Cornea Bone marrow Cartilage

What class of chemical agents do interleukins and interferons belong to?

Cytokines

The function of complement is to induce pathogen destruction by several mechanisms. Identify four of these.

Cytolysis Immune clearance Inflammation Phagocytosis of pathogens

Which T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting perforins and granzymes?

Cytotoxic

Which T cells carry out attacks on foreign cells?

Cytotoxic

___________T cells attack foreign cells

Cytotoxic

Which cells induce cytolysis by secreting perforin?

Cytotoxic T cells NK cells

Name the leukocyte that would help a patient combat a parasitic tapeworm infection.

Eosinophil

What is the region of an antigen that stimulates an immune response?

Epitope

Any surface glycolipid on a bacterium or virus that stimulates fever is what type of pyrogen?

Exogenous

What does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of?

External barriers

True or false: A pathogen or a tissue transplant is an example of a host cell.

False

True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.

False

True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.

False

True or false: Complement functions to induce pathogen destruction by inducing apoptosis.

False

True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.

False

True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.

False

Where in a lymph node do B-cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and activation?

Germinal center

Which is too small to be antigenic by itself, but can induce an immune response when bound to a larger molecule?

Hapten

Hyperemia is the basis for which cardinal inflammatory signs?

Heat Redness

Usually, a B cell requires costimulation from a ____________ T cell to begin the process of clonal selection.

Helper

Which T cell plays an integral role in both humoral and cell mediated immunity?

Helper T cell

_____________T cells perform a central coordinating role in both humoral and cellular immunity.

Helper or CD4

Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete?

Humoral

Some bacteria produce which enzyme that allows them to more readily spread throughout connective tissues?

Hyaluronidase

Where is body temperature regulated?

Hypothalamus

MHC class ______ proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein.

I

Class ______ MHC proteins occur only on APCs.

II

Which are characteristics of a primary immune response?

IgM antibodies are formed first. It occurs with the first exposure to an antigen. Antibodies first appear 3-6 days after exposure, peaking at day 10.

What are three functions of the lymphatic system?

Immunity Fluid recovery from tissues Absorption of lipids

What is it called when mature T-cells become capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs?

Immunocompetence

Where is lymph found?

In lymphatic vessels

Where are lymphatic vessels found?

In most body tissues, except the CNS, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow

Which type of defense guards against a broad range of pathogens?

Innate

Which protein inhibits the viral infection of neighboring cells?

Interferon

Which substance induces the production of antiviral proteins?

Interferon

Which class of cytokines promotes the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells?

Interleukins

A T cell will only become activated if what occurs? Select all that apply.

It is costimulated by other surface molecules. It binds to a foreign antigen presented on an MHC protein.

Which are characteristics of a secondary immune response?

It occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen. IgG antibodies are formed first. Antibodies first appear within hours, peaking at day 3.

What is the tough protein of skin that few pathogens can penetrate?

Keratin

Which byproduct of fermentation is excreted in the sweat where it inhibits microbial growth?

Lactic acid

The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic duct, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks? Select two.

Lumbar Intestinal

Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which of the following?

Lymphatic organs

Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?

Lymphatic system

Which component of the lymphatic system consists of unencapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes within many organs of the body?

Lymphatic tissues

Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?

Lymphatic vessel

Natural killer cells belong to which group of cells?

Lymphocytes

Which leukocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity?

Lymphocytes

____________is an enzyme found in tears, saliva, and mucus that destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls

Lysozyme

The proteins on the surface of APCs that function to present antigens to other cells are called the ______.

MHC proteins

Which describe MHC proteins?

MHC proteins function as self identity markers. MHC proteins present exogenous antigens. MHC proteins present endogenous antigens.

Once a B cell binds an antigen, it phagocytizes it and displays antigen fragments on what molecules?

MHC-II proteins

What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?

Macrophages

Which cells function as antigen presenting cells?

Macrophages Dendritic cells

During the inflammatory response, leukocytes traveling through the blood adhere to the blood vessel walls by which process?

Margination

When reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness. Which characteristic of immunity is is this?

Memory

____________T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity. Listen to the complete question

Memory

Which T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and responsible for subsequent immune responses to the same antigen?

Memory T cells

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

Red bone marrow

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

Red bone marrow

Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation in what part of the spleen?

Red pulp

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? Select all that apply.

Redness Pain Heat Swelling

__________T cells inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells, and thus limit immune responses.

Regulatory

Which T cell inhibits multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells and thus limits immune responses?

Regulatory T cell

Which cells produce the stroma of lymphatic organs?

Reticular cells

Which collecting duct receives the least amount of lymph?

Right lymphatic duct

The great diversity in the specificity of antibody molecules is produced through which processes?

Somatic hypermutation Somatic recombination

Which characteristic describes how immunity is directed against a particular pathogen, and that immunity to one pathogen usually does not confer immunity to others?

Specificity

What is the body's largest lymphatic organ?

Spleen

The respiratory burst by neutrophils leads to the production of which of the following?

Superoxide anion Hydrogen peroxide Hypochlorite

______ lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish maturation in the thymus.

T

Most lymphocytes circulating in blood are ______.

T cells

Which class of lymphocyte matures in the thymus?

T cells

Why do memory T cells allow for a faster immune response when the body is exposed to the same antigen again?

There are fewer steps to activation. There are more of them.

Which describes a clonal population of T cells?

They are self-tolerant. They are identical. They react to the same antigen.

Which line of defense not only defeats a pathogen but also leaves the body with a "memory" of it?

Third

Which duct drains the most lymph?

Thoracic duct

Which vessel is indicated in the figure?

Thoracic duct

Which are primary lymphatic organs?

Thymus Red bone marrow

What is the function of a lacteal?

To absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food

What are the immunological benefits of inflammation?

To limit the spread of pathogens To remove the debris of damaged tissue To initiate tissue repair

Bacteria and viruses are examples of pathogens.

True

True or False: A person can live without a spleen.

True

True or false: Interleukins are a class of cytokines secreted by a variety of cells which function to promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.

True

Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting which of the following?

Tumor necrosis factor Perforins Granzymes Interferons

What is required for activation of a B cell?

Usually, it must bind a helper T cell. It must bind an antigen on several surface receptors.

What does hyperemia result from?

Vasodilation

Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?

Veins

When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?

When it enters the lymphatic capillaries

Molecules that function to render antigens harmless by neutralization, complement fixation, agglutination and precipitation are called ______.

antibodies

Cells that phagocytize antigens and display antigenic fragments on their surface are called _____________-presenting cells.

antigen

A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.

antigen presenting

A fever reducing agent is called a(n) ______.

antipyretic

Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic

capillaries

Lymphatic vessels are absent from ______.

cartilage and bone

The structure indicated in the figure is the ______.

cisterna chyli

The process called ______________selection results in the formation of a clone of identical T cells programmed against the same epitope.

clonal

Identical cells produced by mitosis from a single parent cell are called ______.

clones

The alternative, classical, and lectin pathways are the three pathways to activate ______.

complement

Lymphatic nodules are located in the ______ of the lymph node.

cortex

The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting

ducts

Lymphatic vessels that carry lymph away from a lymph node are called _________lymphatic vessels.

efferent

A ______________ center is an area within the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs.

germinal

NK cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells by secreting which protein-degrading enzymes?

granzymes

Platelets and endothelial cells secrete platelet-derived ____________factor, which stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts.

growth

An incomplete antigen is also known as a ______.

hapten

Which is an anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells?

heparin

Basophils and mast cells release ___________ , which increases blood flow and speeds the delivery of leukocytes to an area.

histamine

Any cell belonging to the human body, as opposed to foreign cells introduced to it by such causes as infections and tissue transplants, is called a ______ cell.

host

B cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity and T cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity.

humoral, cell-mediated

The connective tissue of skin and mucous membranes produces ______ acid, a viscous gel that inhibits the migration of microbes.

hyaluronic

The ______, part of the brain, regulates and maintains body temperature. Its set point is elevated during a fever.

hypothalamus

B cells or T cells that are mature and are capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs are described as

immunocompetent

What are the beneficial effects of fever?

inhibition of bacterial and viral replication, elevated metabolic rate, elevated interferon activity

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the

lacteals

The organic acid that may be excreted in sweat and inhibits microbial growth is _________ acid.

lactic

Alveolar macrophages are found in the ______.

lungs

The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called

lymph

An abnormal accumulation of non-inflammatory tissue fluid resulting in swelling is known as

lymphadema

The characteristic of immunity termed ___________ describes how, when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness.

memory

A(n) ____________migrates into the tissues where it transforms into a macrophage.

monocyte

What does MALT stand for?

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

A T cell which has undergone positive and negative selection but has not become activated by an antigen is said to be

naive or immunocompetent

The ___________killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.

natural

An elevated neutrophil count is called ______.

neutrophilia

A small organ found along the course of a lymphatic vessel that filters the lymph and functions as an activation site for B and T cells is called a lymph __________

node

In artificial ___________ immunity, the body is injected with antibodies from another person or an animal.

passive

A cytolytic protein secreted by NK cells is ______

perforin

Macrophages are ______ cells.

phagocytic

A ___________cell produces antibodies.

plasma

The accumulation of dead cells, fluid, and tissue debris is called

pus

The T cell ______ response allows memory cells to mount a faster response upon exposure to the same pathogen later.

recall

Dendritic cells engulf foreign matter by ______.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Hemopoiesis occurs in the _________bone marrow.

red

Sinuses filled with concentrated erythrocytes make up the ______ pulp of the spleen.

red

The branched ______________cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus.

reticular

The two collecting ducts are the ______ ducts.

right and thoracic

The _______ is indicated by the arrow in the figure.

right lymphatic duct

Fever and inflammation belong to the body's ______ line of defense.

second

The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.

secondary

The type of recombination whereby several hundred DNA segments are shuffled and combined in various ways to produce antibody genes unique to each clone of B cells is ______ recombination.

somatic

What is the third line of defense against pathogens?

specific defense

The characteristic of immunity describing how it is directed against a particular pathogen is ______.

specificity

The large lymphatic organ located near the diaphragm, stomach, and left kidney is the

spleen

A surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed is called a(n) ____________.

splenectomy

Which are features of lymphatic vessels?

-A tunica interna is present-Smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall-Valves are present

What are functions of lymph nodes?

-Filtration of lymph -Site of B and T cell activation

Which factors cause or contribute to the flow of lymph?

-The respiratory pump -Valves -The skeletal muscle pump

Place the events of the humoral response in order.

1) immunocompetent B cells bind to an antigen 2) a B cell internalizes an antigen and displays it on MHC-II proteins to TH cells 3) TH cells secrete interleukins which activate the B cell 4) the B cell undergoes clonal selection 5) B cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells 6) plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies

Place the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order.

1. afferent lymphatic vessel 2. sub capsular sinus of the cortex 3. sinuses of cortex and medulla 4. efferent lymphatic vessel

Place the flow of fluid in order, beginning with blood in the blood capillaries.

1. blood capillaries (blood) 2. interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid) 3. lymphatic capillaries (lymph) 4. lymphatic vessels (lymph) 5. lymphatic ducts (lymph) 6. internal jugular and subclavian vein junction

How many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body?

11

Match each letter in the figure with its anatomical structure.

A - Pharyngeal tonsil B - Palatine tonsil C - Lingual tonsil

Which cells carry MHC class II proteins?

APCs

What is an accumulation of pus in a tissue cavity called?

Abscess

Humoral immunity is mediated by ______ lymphocytes.

B

Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n)

Antigen

What is any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response called?

Antigen

Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface?

Antigen-presenting cell

Interferons, complement, defensins and granzymes are examples of which of the following?

Antimicrobial proteins

What does the body's second line of defense against pathogens consist of?

Antimicrobial proteins, leukocytes, and macrophages

Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins and are generally called what?

Antipyretics

To confirm exposure to an antigen what is measured to demonstrate that an immune response has occurred?

Antibody titer

What is the level of antibody present in the blood plasma called?

Antibody titer

The lymphocyte that mediates humoral immune responses and differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cells is the ______.

B cell

What are two cell types that secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins, thus inducing the inflammatory response?

Basophils Mast cells

Which globulins make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity?

Complement

Which proteins found in blood are involved in the nonspecific defense against pathogens?

Complement

What are three antimicrobial proteins?

Complement Defensin Interferon

Antibodies function to render antigens harmless by which of the following?

Complement fixation Precipitation Neutralization Agglutination

On the image, which area of an antibody determines its class?

D

Which of the following forms pus?

Dead neutrophils and macrophages

What is the exocytosis of lysosomal contents by neutrophils called?

Degranulation

The cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is the

Dendritic cell

What type of macrophage moves into a specific tissue, then remains within that tissue waiting to phagocytize pathogens?

Fixed

Which leukocyte transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues?

Monocyte

Which describes a neutrophil?

Multi-lobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules

What is a mature T-cell that has not been activated by an antigen called?

Naive

During which of the following are self-reacting T cells eliminated?

Negative T cell selection

Which leukocyte destroys bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and the secretion of bactericidal chemicals?

Neutrophil

Where are type I MHC proteins found?

On all nucleated body cells

Examples of pathogens are ______.

viruses fungi bacteria

When the body acquires antibodies from another person or an animal that has developed its own immunity to the pathogen, this type what type of immunity?

Passive

___________ cells secrete antibodies.

Plasma

Which cell produces antibodies?

Plasma cell

Which is secreted by platelets and endothelial cells and stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts?

Platelet derived growth factor

List the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites.

Produce superoxide anion Produce hydrogen peroxide

Cellular immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells, while humoral immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells.

T, B

To function properly, T cells must have which two traits?

The ability to recognize self MHC proteins A lack of reactivity to self peptide fragments

Which features of skin offer immunoprotection?

The presence of lactic acid The presence of a continuous barrier to the external environment The presence of defensins

When pus accumulates in a tissue cavity that may sometimes form a blister between the dermis and epidermis, it is called a(n

abscess

In natural __________ immunity, the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen.

active

The type of defense that provides future protection against a pathogen is called ______ immunity.

adaptive

Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels.

afferent, efferent

The clumping of cells by antibodies is called ______.

agglutination

Leukocytes crawl through gaps between endothelial cells into the tissue fluid by means of a process called

emigration or diapedesis

Self-proteins, such as interferon and interleukins, that induce fever are called ______ pyrogens.

endogenous

An elevated eosinophil count is called ______.

eosinophilia

Which line of defense consists of external barriers?

the skin

Adaptive immunity is part of the body's ______ line of defense.

third

The duct that drains lymph from the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb and the left side of the head neck and thorax is the ______.

thoracic duct

The bilobed lymphatic organ that is located in the mediastinum is the

thymus

The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the ______.

thymus

The organ where T-cells mature is the ______.

thymus

Where do T cells mature?

thymus

The ______ are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, where they guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens.

tonsils

The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as ______.

valves

Match each type of immunity with the correct example. Instructions

• natural active immunity = a person develops resistance to a virus picked up from a drinking fountain • artificial active immunity = a person is given an attenuated smallpox virus and develops resistance • natural passive immunity = a baby acquires resistance to a virus through antibodies obtained through breast milk • artificial passive immunity = an antibody is injected into a person who has been bitted by a snake; the antibody infers resistance match each type o