AP BIO Chapter 4

What is the expected percent change in the DNA content of a typical eukaryotic cell as it progresses through the cell cycle from the start of the G1 phase to the end of the G2 phase?

+100%

A group of researchers cultured yeast cells in a nutrient-rich environment and a nutrient-poor environment and observed the duration of the stages of their cell cycles. The results of their study are summarized in Table 1. The cell cycle of yeast cells grown in the nutrient-poor environment is approximately what percent of the cell cycle of yeast cells grown in the nutrient-rich environment?

168

Researchers determined the average amount of time that a particular type of eukaryotic cell spends in each phase of the cell cycle. The data collected by the researchers are represented in Figure 1. Based on Figure 1, what percent of the time required to complete a full cycle do the cells typically spend in interphase?

95%

The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway?

In involves enzymes activating other enzymes.

Ethylene causes fruits to ripen. In a signaling pathway, receptors activate transcription factors, which ultimately leads to ripening. Which of the following best supports the claim that ethylene initiates the signal transduction pathway that leads to ripening of fruit?

Loss-of-function mutations in ethylene receptors result in changes to the ripening process.

In flowering plants, plasmodesmata are narrow channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. An explanation of how plant cells communicate across cell walls will most likely refer to the diffusion through plasmodesmata of which of the following?

Small, water-soluble molecules

A student claims that the YY chromosome contains the sex-determining region gene, known as the SRYSRY gene, which causes male fetuses to develop testes. Which of the following provides correct information about cell signaling that supports the claim?

The SRY gene produces a protein that binds to specific regions of DNA in certain tissues, which affects the development of these tissues.

The relative amount of DNA in a cell at various stages of the cell cycle is shown in Figure 1. Which of the following best describes how the amount of DNA in the cell changes during M phase?

The amount of DNA is halved as the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Vertebrate immune responses involve communication over short and long distances. Which of the following statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as MHC proteins and T cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances?

The proteins interact directly with proteins on the surfaces of other cells.

The coagulation cascade controls blood clot formation in response to blood vessel injury. Thrombin is an enzyme that plays a key role in regulating the coagulation cascade. A simplified model of thrombin's role in regulating the coagulation cascade is represented in Figure 1. Argatroban is a competitive inhibitor of thrombin. Which of the following effects on the coagulation cascade is most likely to result from inhibiting thrombin activity with argatroban?

The rate of fibrin formation will decrease.

Use the Figure 1 data to calculate the ratio between the amount of Sepin‑1 required to kill 50% of the cells in the cell line that is most sensitive to the compound and the cell line that is least sensitive to the compound.

The response indicates that there is a 1:3 Math Type ratio between the amount of Sepin-1 required to kill A, the most sensitive cell line, in which approximately 10 μM kills 50% of the cells and D, the least sensitive cell line, in which approximately 30 μM kills 50% of the cells.

Researchers studying cell cycle regulation in budding yeast have observed that a mutation in the CDC15 gene causes cell cycle arrest in telophase when the yeast cells are incubated at an elevated temperature. Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of the cell cycle arrest on proliferating yeast cells?

The yeast cells will replicate their chromosomes but will fail to complete cytokinesis.

Researchers performed an experiment to determine the effect of certain genetic mutations on mitosis in tropical fruit fly embryos. They determined the percentage of cells in each of four phases of mitosis as shown in Figure 1. Which of the following patterns is shown by the data?

In mutant 3 cells, more time is spent in prophase/prometaphase than in the later stages of mitosis.

identify a control that shows that Sepin‑1 rather than something else in the culture medium is inhibiting the growth of the cancer cells.

The response indicates that a control showing that Sepin-1 is responsible for inhibiting the growth of the cancer cells is that all cells are 100% viable at a very low concentration (approximately 0.2 μM of Sepin-1.

Glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta is a protein kinase that has been implicated in many types of cancer. Depending on the cell type, the gene for glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) can act either as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor. Which of the following best predicts how GSK3β mutations can lead to the development of cancer?

Cells with inactive GSK3βGSK3β fail to trigger apoptosis.

Figure 1 shows the number of chromosomes observed in an actively dividing human cell at each stage of cell division. Which of the following presents a correct interpretation of the changes in chromosome number depicted in Figure 1 ?

Chromosomes enter metaphase containing two chromatids attached by a centromere. During anaphase, the chromatids are separated, each becoming a chromosome. Cytokinesis distributes the chromosomes into two separate cells.

Notch is a receptor protein displayed on the surface of certain cells in developing fruit fly embryos. Notch's ligand is a membrane-bound protein called Delta that is displayed on the surface of adjacent cells. When Notch is activated by its ligand, the intracellular tail of the Notch protein becomes separated from the rest of the protein. This allows the intracellular tail to move to the cell's nucleus and alter the expression of specific genes. Which of the following statements best explains Delta's role in regulating cell communication through the Notch signaling pathway?

Delta restricts cell communication to short distances within a developing embryo.

The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. A researcher claims that the epinephrine signaling pathway controls a catabolic process in muscle cells. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher's claim?

Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.

The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Which of the following statements best describes the role of adenylyl cyclase in the epinephrine signaling pathway?

It accelerates the production of a second messenger.

In a certain signal transduction pathway, the binding of an extracellular molecule to a cell-surface protein results in a rapid increase in the concentration of cyclic AMPAMP inside the cell. The cyclic AMPAMP binds to and activates cytosolic enzymes that then activate other enzymes in the cell. Which of the following statements best describes the role of cyclic AMPAMP in the signal transduction pathway?

It acts as a second messenger that helps relay and amplify the signal within the cell.

Air is less dense at very high elevations, so less oxygen is available than in the denser air at sea level. Based on the model in Figure 1, if a person travels from sea level to a high elevation location, which of the following correctly predicts the response to the decreased blood oxygen level?

More erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, increasing production of erythrocytes.

The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cyclic AMP to a different molecule. Which of the following best predicts the effect of inhibiting cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in a muscle cell stimulated by epinephrine?

Phosphorylase kinase will remain active because protein kinase A will no longer be deactivated.

Cancer cells behave differently than normal body cells. For example, they ignore signals that tell them to stop dividing. Which of the following conditions will most likely cause a normal body cell to become a cancer cell?

The environment contains mutagens that induce mutations that affect cell-cycle regulator proteins.

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that control cellular responses through several different signaling pathways. One of the signaling pathways involves the glucocorticoid receptor, an intracellular protein that is activated by binding to a glucocorticoid molecule. A simplified model of the glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of a mutation that results in a loss of the glucocorticoid receptor's ligand binding function?

The glucocorticoid receptor will remain associated with the accessory proteins.

The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from the irreversible binding of GDP to the G protein?

The intracellular concentration of glycogen will increase.

Figure 1 shows a model of a signal transduction cascade, initiated by the binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor protein A. A DNA mutation changes the shape of the extracellular domain of transmembrane receptor protein A produced by the cell. Which of the following predictions is the most likely consequence of the mutation?

The molecule that normally binds to protein AA will no longer attach, deactivating the cellular response.

Identify an independent variable in the experiment graphed in Figure 1. Based on the data in Figure 1,

The response indicates that an independent variable is the cell lines OR the concentrations of Sepin-1.

Explain how the progression of cells past sequential cell cycle checkpoints and the activity of enzymes such as separase is controlled by interactions between two major groups of regulatory proteins.

The response indicates that cells form complexes with different combinations of cyclins and cyclin-dependent (cdk) kinases and that the combinations of the two proteins in the complexes induce the cells to move to different stages of the cell cycle.

) The scientists hope to test Sepin‑1 in clinical trials with human cancer patients. The scientists claim that one way to test the efficacy of the Sepin‑1 treatment will be to obtain periodic samples of the patients' cancer cells and determine the percent of cells in metaphase. Provide reasoning to support the scientists' claim.

The response indicates that if the compound is effective, the rate at which the cells are cycling should decrease because Sepin-1 should decrease the amount of active separase in the cells. If the cells are cycling less frequently, fewer cells should be in metaphase.

(a) Identify the point in mitosis at which separase cleaves the protein complex that holds sister chromatid pairs together. In normal cells, separase is kept in an inactive state until it is needed.

The response indicates that separase is most active at the metaphase-anaphase transition OR at the start of anaphase.

Based on the data in Table 1, describe the general relationship between the sensitivity of cells to Sepin‑1 and the concentration of separase in the cells.

The response indicates that the greater the concentration of separase in the cells, the more sensitive the cells are to Sepin-1 OR that less Sepin-1 is required to kill cells with a greater concentration of separase.