AP BIO Cliffnotes (Ch. 1- 14)

¡Supera tus tareas y exámenes ahora con Quizwiz!

Bowmans Capsule

The nephron begins with a bulb-shaped body at one end, the _________ ________.

Selectively

The phospholipid membrane is __________ permeable

Bilayer

The plasma membrane of a cell is a lipid ________.

1. Embryo. 2. Seed Coat. 3. Some kind of storage material (Endosperm or Cotyledons).

The seed consists of three structures, what are those structures?

Telophase

During what phase of mitosis does a nuclear envelope develop around each pole?

Primary Oocytes

Fetal cells called oogonia divide by mitosis to produce ________ ________.

6CO₂ + 6 H₂0 + Energy

Fill in the missing areas in the aerobic cellular respiration equation. C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ --> ______ + _______ + _______

1. Turn Sugars into Starches. 2. Use Sugars.

In the transport of sugars in a plant, any cell can act as a sink in what two ways?

Gel Electrophoresis

Restriction fragments can be separated by ___ ___________?

Hormones

The endocrine system produces ________.

Antibodies

B cells have antigen receptors on their plasma membrane called _________.

1. 5' Cap. 2. poly-A Tail. 3. RNA Splicing. 4. Alternative Splicing.

Before an mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus, it undergoes the following alterations, what are those alterations?

Uric Acid

Birds, insects, and many reptiles convert urea to ______ ______ for excretion, this helps conserve water.

Arteries / Veins

Blood Vessels moving away from the heart are called ________, while blood vessels moving toward the heart are called _______.

No, because it is dependent upon the energy from ATP & NADPH.

Can the calvin cycle occur in the absence of light?

Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration in the presence of O₂ is called ________ __________.

Cell Plate- Plants Cleavage Furrow- Animals

Cytokinesis differs in plants and animals by the formation of two kinds of structures, the cell plate and the cleavage furrow. Which structure belongs to plants and which to animals?

Nucleotides

DNA & RNA are both polymers of __________?

Nucleotides

DNA is a polymer of ________.

Chromatin/Histones

DNA is packaged with proteins to form _________. These proteins are called ________.

1. ATP binds to the myosin head and forms ADP + Pi. 2. Ca2+ exposes the binding sites on actin filaments. Ca2+ binds to troponin causing tropomyosin to expose positions on the actin filament for attachment of the myosin heads. 3. Cross Bridges between the myosin heads and actin filaments form. 4. ADP and Pi are released and the sliding motion of actin results. 5. ATP causes the cross-bridges to unwind.

Describe the five steps of muscle contraction.

Mouth --> Pharynx --> Esophagus --> Stomach --> Pyloric Sphincter --> Duodenum --> Jejunum --> Ileum --> Colon --> Anus

Describe the pathway of food in the digestive system.

Do lysosomes occur in plant cells?

No, but they contain a microtubule organizing center (MTOC's).

Do plants cells have centrioles?

Do prokaryotes have any type of proteins such as histones associated with their DNA?

Yes, they are multinucleated

Do skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleii?

No, none of these occur

Does genetic drift, gene flow, or natural selection occur in a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Yes

Does secondary growth include primary growth?

Does the Smooth ER contain ribosomes?

Okazaki segments

During DNA replication DNA Polymerase creates short segments of DNA called _________ _________.

Sister Chromatids / Centromere

Each chromosome is made of two identical halves called _______ ________ joined at the _________?

Oviduct

Eggs move from the ovary to the uterus through the _______.

Root Hairs

Epidermal cells produce ______ ______.

Secondary

Facial hair, distribution of fat, breast size are examples of __________ sex characteristics.

Parasites

Fungi can either be saprobes or ________?

Mouth/Nose --> pharynx/larynx --> Trachea --> Bronchi --> Bronchioles --> alveoli --> alveolar wall --> Bloodstream

Give the mechanism and intermediate structures of oxygen traveling through the mouth in humans.

Sucrose

Glucose + Fructose = ________?

Lactose

Glucose + Galactose = ________?

Maltose

Glucose + Glucose = ________?

Triglyceride

Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids = __________?

Pyruvate

Glycolysis is the decomposition of glucose to _________.

Hypothalamus

GnRH is released by the __________.

1. Skeletal Muscle Contractions. 2. Valves to prevent backflow.

How does blood move through veins to the heart? (2)

36 eukaryotes / 38 prokaryotes/ Yes because eukaryotes have to transfer the NADH created in the cytoplasm to the mitochondria which takes 2 ATP.

How many ATP can be theoretically made from one molecule of glucose? Is this number different from Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

How many chromosomes are within a human sperm head?

46 / 23 / 92

Humans have ___ chromosomes, ___ homologous pairs, consisting of a total of ___ chromatids.

Human Chorionic

If implantation occurs, the implanted embryo secretes _______ ________ hormone.

Night/Day

In CAM photosynthesis the stomata of plants are open at _______, and are closed in the ______.

1. 2 ATP invested. 2. 2 NADH Produced. 3. 4 ATP are produced. 4. 2 Pyruvate are formed.

In Glycolysis what molecules are added and what molecules are gained? (4)

1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp

In a monohybrid cross when a particular genotype is crossed as shown here Pp x Pp what are the ratios of genotypes?

Centrioles

In animals each microtubule organizing center contains a pair of _________?

Nucleotides

In digestion, Nucleic acids are broken down into __________?

Glycerol / Fatty Acids

In digestion, fats are broken down into ________ and _______ ______.

Amino Acids

In digestion, proteins are broken down into ______ ______.

Glucose

In digestion, starches are broken down into ________.

P= Parents. F1= Offspring of parents. F2= Offspring of F1.

In genetic crosses what does the P generation, F1 generation, and F2 generation?

Trophoblast / Embryonic Disc

In humans the blastula stage called the blastocyst, consists of two parts and outer ring of cells called the _________, and an inner mass of cells called the ________ ______.

Homologues are lined up

In meiosis I what is the chromosome arrangement on the metaphase plate?

Mitosis- No Meiosis- Yes

In mitosis are the daughter cells considered genetically variable? What about meiosis?

Water / Sugar

In plants the Xylem is specialized for ________ transport, while the Phloem is specialized for ______ transport.

Spores

In plants, meiosis usually produces _______?

Acetyl CoA

In the first step of the kreb cycle pyruvate turns into ________ ______.

UAC

In translation the RNA sequence is AUG, what is the tRNA sequence?

Open

Increase in K+ ion concentrations causes the stomata to _____?

SA Node --> AV Node --> Bundle of His --> Purkinje Fibers --> Contraction of ventricles

List the pathway of heart contraction starting with the SA Node.

Three/Two

NADH generates ______ ATP while FADH2 generates _____ ATP?

A-Adenine B-Guanine C-Thymine D-Cytosine

Name A-D

Calyces

Name B

Renal Pelvis

Name C

Medulla

Name D

Cortex

Name E

Ureter

Name F

Renal Vein

Name G

Renal Artery

Name H

Kidney

Name the entire structure of A

Superior & Inferior Vena Cava --> Right Atrium --> Tricuspid Valve --> Right Ventricle --> Pulmonary Artery --> Pulmonary Semilunar Valve --> Lungs --> Pulmonary Veins --> Left Atrium --> Bicuspid Valve --> Left Ventricle --> Aorta --> Aortic Semilunar Valve --> Throughout the Body

Name the path of travel of deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood, then throughout the body.

Embryonic Development

Oogenesis begins during ________ _________.

Natural Killer Cells

Other white bloods cells called ________ _______ ______ attack abnormal body cells or pathogen-infected cells?

Auxin

Phototropism is achieved by the action of the hormone ______?

Pepsin

Proteins are chemically broken down by an enzyme called _______ in the stomach.

G1 Phase / S-Phase / G2 Phase / M-Phase

Put the S-phase, G1 phase, M-phase, and G-2 phase in order starting with G1 phase first.

Nucleus

Red Blood Cells lack a ________.

Close/Open

Stomata _____ at night and _____ during the day?

Open

Stomata _____ when CO2 concentrations are low inside the leaf?

Stomata ______ when temperatures are high?

Progesterone / Endometrial

The Corpus Luteum release the hormone __________ which stimulates _________ development.

Estrogen / Endometrium

The Follicle release the hormone ________ which stimulates __________ development.

FSH & LH / Corpus Luteum, and Follicle

The GnRH hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to release two hormones, what are those hormones called? What are the targets of these hormones?

Neural Crest

The _______ ______ cells form various tissues, including teeth, bones, and muscles, pigments cells, etc.

Bryophytes

The ________ consist of three groups of unspecified plants: the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Biosphere

The ________ is composed of all regions of the earth that is living.

Tertiary

The ________ structure of a protein includes additional three Dimensional shape.

Secondary Structure

The ________ structure of a protein is a three-dimensional shape that results from hydrogen bonding between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids often producing alpha helix or beta sheet structures.

Primary

The ________ structure refers to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

Collecting Duct

The _________ ______ in the kidney empties into the renal pelvis?

quaternary

The _________ structure of a protein is the composition of the proteins subunits.

Annual Rings

The alteration of growth and dormancy produces ________ ______ which can be used to determine the age, and amount of rainfall in different periods of a trees lifetime.

Dicots / Monocots

The angiosperms are divided into two groups, what are those groups?

Peptide Bonds

The bonds between amino acids are called ________ _______?

The calvin cycle is often referred to as ____ photosynthesis.

Chitin

The cell walls of Fungi are usually composed of _______?

Cellulose

The cell walls of plants are usually composed of ________?

Bile

The liver produces ______ which functions to emulsify fats.

Carbon Dioxide/Water

The primary purpose of opening the Stomata is to let ________ ________ in, but the problem with this is that _______ flows out, which can be detrimental to the plant.

Xylem and Phloem

The vascular tissue consists of two major types of tissue, what are those tissues?

Prezygotic 1. Habitat Isolation. 2. Temporal Isolation. 3. Behavioral Isolation. 4. Mechanical Isolation. 5. Gametic Isolation. Postzygotic Mechanisms 1. Hybrid Inviability. 2. Hybrid Sterility. 3. Hybrid Breakdown.

There are 8 ways of maintaining reproductive isolation, what are the five pre-zygotic mechanisms, and the three post-zygotic mechanisms?

Myosin

Thick filaments are composed of ________.

5' --> 3'

Transcription occurs in what direction?

Osmosis

Water and dissolved minerals enter the roots through root hairs by _________.

prophase / metaphase / anaphase / telophase / cytokinesis

What 5 events occur during the M-phase of mitosis?

Structural Proteins. Storage Proteins. Transport Proteins. Defensive Proteins. Enzymes.

What are five major categories of proteins?

1. Chemical. 2. Visual. 3. Auditory. 4. Tactile.

What are four common ways of communication in animals?

1. Natural Selection. 2. Mutation. 3. Gene Flow. 4. Genetic Drift. 5. Nonrandom Mating.

What are the five causes of changes in allele frequency in populations?

1. All traits are selectively neutral (no natural selection). 2. Mutations do not occur. 3. The population must be isolated from other populations. 4. The population is large. 5. Mating is random.

What are the five conditions of a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

1. Mutations. 2. Sexual Reproduction. 3. Diploidy. 4. Outbreeding. 5. Balanced polymorphisms.

What are the five mechanisms of variations in a population that allows natural selection to operate?

1. Outer Membrane. 2. Intermembrane Space. 3. Inner Membrane. 4. Matrix.

What are the four areas of the mitochondria?

1. Red Blood Cells. 2. White Blood Cells. 3. Platelets. 4. Plasma.

What are the four components of blood?

prophase / metaphase / anaphase / telophase

What are the four phases of mitosis?

1. Epithelial. 2. Connective. 3. Nervous. 4. Muscle.

What are the four types of tissues?

30S and 50S

What are the size of the subunits of prokaryotic' ribosomes?

1. Cell Body. 2. Axon. 3. Dendrite.

What are the three basic parts of a neuron?

1. DNA associated with histones. 2. Membrane Bound Organelles. 3. Linear Chromosomes.

What are the three characteristics of a eukaryotic cell?

1. Circular DNA. 2. No Nucleus. 3. No organelles.

What are the three characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

1. Regulatory Proteins. 2. Nucleosome Packing. 3. RNA Interference.

What are the three common mechanisms of gene expression in eukaryotes?

Proton - Positive Neutron - Neutral Electron - Negative

What are the three components of the atom and their charges?

1. Sensory Neurons. 2. Motor Neurons. 3. Association Neurons.

What are the three general groups of neurons?

1. mRNA. 2. tRNA. 3. rRNA.

What are the three kinds of RNA most commonly found in a cell?

1. Follicular Phase. 2. Ovulation. 3. Luteal Phase.

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

1. Initiation. 2. Elongation. 3. Termination.

What are the three steps of transcription?

1. Initiation. 2. Elongation. 3. Termination.

What are the three steps of translation?

Phagocytosis / Pinocytosis / Receptor-Mediated

What are the three types of endocytosis?

1. The sugar nucleotide that makes RNA molecule is ribose, not deoxyribose as it is in DNA. 2. The Thymine nucleotide does not occur in RNA. It is replaced by Uracil. 3. RNA is usually single-stranded.

What are the three ways RNA differs from DNA?

1. Rubisco fixes CO2 & O2, if there is O2 around CO2 fixing capabilities are reduced. 2. When Rubisco fixes O2 it creates byproducts call Free Radicals like H202, which are harmful to the cell. Therefore the cell must have many peroxisomes around its mitochondria.

What are the two drawbacks to fixing CO2 using Rubisco?

Pr or P660 / Pfr or P730

What are the two forms of Phytochrome?

1. Sympathetic Nervous System. 2. Parasympathetic Nervous System.

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

1. Central Nervous System. 2. Peripheral Nervous system.

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

1. Autonomic Nervous System. 2. Somatic Nervous System.

What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system?

1. Substrate level Phosphorylation. 2. Oxidative Phosphorylation.

What are the two types of phosphorylation to produce ATP?

1. Herds, Flocks, and Schools. 2. Packs. 3. Search Image.

What are three common foraging behaviors in animals?

1. Cooling by evaporation. 2. Warming by metabolism. 3. Adjusting surface area to regulate temperature.

What are three ways animals regulate their body temperature?

1. Alcohol fermentation. 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation.

What are two common pathways of anaerobic respiration?

1. Surface area to volume ratio. 2. Genome to Volume Ratio.

What are two of the main factors that regulate the cell cycle?

1. Regulate Water Balance. 2. Removing Harmful Substances.

What are two of the main functions of the excretory system?

1. Neutrophils. 2. Monocytes.

What are two types of Phagocytes?

1. Nonpolar Covalent Bonds. 2. Polar Covalent Bonds.

What are two types of covalent bonds?

Pancreas

What digestive organ produces trypsin and chymotrypsin?

Chitin

What do the cell walls of fungi consist of?

Functional Group

What gives a molecule a unique property?

Hypothalamus

What gland controls the release of most hormones from the pituitary gland?

Seminal Vesicles

What gland secretes fructose and prostaglandins during ejaculation?

Na+ and K+ ions

What ions contribute to the polarized potential of a neuron?

Bundle Sheath Cells

What is a specialized structure found in C4 photosynthesis?

A molecule with one or more Carbon Atoms.

What is an organic molecule?

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂0 + Light --> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

What is the Net reaction for photosynthesis?

Growth and duplication of DNA

What is the S phase of the cell cycle associated with? (2)

Around 30 / Due to variations in mitochondrial efficiencies and competing biochemical processes.

What is the actual number of ATP that can be created per molecule of glucose? Why?

Oxygen

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

The acrosome is a lysozyme that contains enzymes which are used to penetrate the egg.

What is the function of the acrosome found on the tip of the sperm head?

To produce glucose or other 6 carbon compounds.

What is the function of the calvin cycle?

NADPH

What is the main product of cyclic Photophosphorylation?

ATP

What is the main product of noncyclic Photophosphorylation?

Rubisco

What is the main protein used in the Calvin Cycle?

Nucleotide

What is the molecule shown here?

Flagella are long and cilia are short

What is the most pronounced difference between flagella and cilia?

To release some NAD+ for use in glycolysis

What is the objective of fermentation?

Vas Deferens

What is the site of transfer of sperm from one epididymis to the urethra?

Anterior Pituitary / Adrenal Cortex / Secretion of Glucocorticoids

What is the source / target / action of the hormone ACTH?

Posterior Pituitary / Kidneys / increases reabsorption of water

What is the source / target / action of the hormone ADH?

Anterior Pituitary / ovaries,testes / regulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis

What is the source / target / action of the hormone FSH?

Anterior Pituitary / ovaries,testes / Regulates Oogenesis and spermatogenesis

What is the source / target / action of the hormone LH?

Ovary / uterus / menstrual cycle, pregnancy

What is the source / target / action of the hormone Progesterone?

Anterior Pituitary / mammary glands / production of milk

What is the source / target / action of the hormone Prolactin?

Ovary / uterus,general / menstrual cycle, secondary sex characteristics

What is the source / target / action of the hormone estrogen?

Anterior Pituitary / Bone,muscle / stimulates growth

What is the source / target / action of the hormone growth hormone?

Pancreas / liver,muscle,fat / lower blood glucose

What is the source / target / action of the hormone insulin?

Posterior Pituitary / Mammary Glands / Stimulates Release of Milk

What is the source / target / action of the hormone oxytocin?

Testes / testes, general / Spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics

What is the source / target / action of the hormone testosterone?

Adrenal Gland / General Kidney / Increase blood glucose, increase reabsorption of Na+, and excretion of K+

What is the source / target / action of the hormones glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids?

Plasma Cells

What is the term used to define B cells that release their specific antibodies which when circulating through the body binding to antigens?

Releaser Pheromones

What is the term used to define Chemicals that cause immediate and specific behavioral changes.

Recombinant DNA

What is the term used to define DNA segments or genes from different sources?

Myelin Sheath

What is the term used to define Schwann cells that encircle the axon?

Placenta

What is the term used to define a blend of maternal and embryonic tissues across which gases nutrients, and wastes are exchanged?

Gap Junctions

What is the term used to define a cell junction that connects the cytoplasm of a cell with the neighboring cell?

Desmosomes

What is the term used to define a cell junction that consists of proteins that bind adjacent cells together, that do NOT prevent the passage of materials between cells?

Plasmodesmata

What is the term used to define a cell junction which is a narrow channel between plant cells?

Indeterminate Cleavage

What is the term used to define a cleavage that produces blastomeres that if separated can individually complete normal development?

Monohybrid / Dihybrid Cross

What is the term used to define a cross in which one trait is being investigated, and what about when two traits are being investigated?

Taxis

What is the term used to define a directed movement in response to a stimulus?

Spatial Learning

What is the term used to define a form of associative learning in which an animal associates attributes of a location (landmarks) with the reward it gains by being able to identify and return to that location?

Trial and Error Learning

What is the term used to define a form of associative learning when an animal connects its own behavior with a particular environmental response, if the response is desirable, the animal will repeat that behavior, if the response is undesirable, the animal will avoid that behavior.

Dominant

What is the term used to define a gene that codes for a trait that is only expressed even when another allele is present?

Recessive

What is the term used to define a gene that is not expressed in a heterozygote when the dominant gene is present?

Aneuploidy

What is the term used to define a genome with extra or missing chromosomes?

Prostate Gland

What is the term used to define a gland that secretes milky alkaline fluid into the urethra and serves to neutralize the acidity of urine that may still be in the urethra, as well as the acidity in the vagina?

Cowpers Gland

What is the term used to define a gland that secretes small amounts of unknown substances into the urethra?

Complement

What is the term used to define a group of about twenty proteins that help attract phagocytes to foreign cells and help destroy foreign cells by promoting cell lysis?

Spirochetes

What is the term used to define a group of bacteria that are coiled and move in a corkscrew motion?

Cyanobacteria

What is the term used to define a group of bacteria that are photosynthetic using chlorophyll a to capture energy splitting H20 releasing O2 as do plants for electrons?

Nitrifying bacteria

What is the term used to define a group of bacteria that convert nitrite to nitrate?

Topoisomerases

What is the term used to define a group of enzymes that break and rejoin the DNA double helix, allowing the twists to unravel and preventing the formation of knots?

Population

What is the term used to define a group of individuals all of the same species living in the same area?

5' Cap

What is the term used to define a group of nucleotides at the 5' end of mRNA that is a guanine nucleotide and two additional phosphate groups?

Community

What is the term used to define a group of populations living in the same area?

Blastula

What is the term used to define a hollow sphere of cells in embryonic development?

Antidiuretic Hormone

What is the term used to define a hormone that influences osmoregulation by increasing the reabsorption of water by the body and increases the concentration of salts in the urine?

Aldosterone

What is the term used to define a hormone that influences osmoregulation by increasing water reabsorption and reabsorption of Na+?

Habituation

What is the term used to define a learned behavior that allows the animal to disregard meaningless stimuli?

Ribosomes

What is the term used to define a molecule that assist in the assembly of amino acids into proteins?

Missense mutation

What is the term used to define a mutation in which the new codon codes for a new amino acid?

Silent Mutation

What is the term used to define a mutation in which the new codon still codes for the same amino acid?

Frameshift Mutation

What is the term used to define a mutation that results in an insertion or deletion so nucleotides are displaced by one position?

Nonsense Mutation

What is the term used to define a mutation the occurs when the codon now codes for a stop codon?

Association Neurons

What is the term used to define a neuron that is located in the spinal cord or brain that receives impulses from sensory neurons or sends impulses to motor neurons?

Sensory Neuron

What is the term used to define a neuron that receives a stimulus?

Effectors

What is the term used to define a neuron that stimulates effectors, target cells that produce some kind of response?

Homologous Chromosomes (Homologous Pair)

What is the term used to define a pair of chromosomes that contains the same genetic information, gene for gene?

Peripheral Nervous System

What is the term used to define a part of the nervous system consists of sensory neurons?

Autonomic Nervous system

What is the term used to define a part of the nervous system controls the activities of involuntary muscles, and glands?

Parasympathetic Nervous System

What is the term used to define a part of the nervous system that activates tranquil functions like rest and digest functions?

Refractory Period

What is the term used to define a period in which a neuron will not respond to another stimulus?

Metaphase Plate

What is the term used to define a plane lying between the two poles of the spindle during the metaphase?

Gibberellins

What is the term used to define a plant hormone that promotes cell growth?

Auxin

What is the term used to define a plant hormone that promotes plant growth by facilitating the elongation of developing cells?

Cytokinins

What is the term used to define a plant hormone that stimulates cytokinesis?

Ethylene

What is the term used to define a plant hormone the promotes ripening of fruits?

Xylem

What is the term used to define a plant tissue that functions in the conduction of water and minerals, and also provides mechanical support?

Photoperiodism

What is the term used to define a plants response to changes in the relative length of daylight and night?

Gravitropism

What is the term used to define a plants response to gravity in the stems and roots?

Phototropism

What is the term used to define a plants response to light?

Thigmotropism

What is the term used to define a plants response to touch?

Episomes

What is the term used to define a plasmid that can be incorporated into the bacteria chromosome?

Conjugation

What is the term used to define a process of DNA exchange between bacteria?

Microtubules

What is the term used to define a protein fiber made of tubulin that provides support and motility for cellular activities?

Microfilaments

What is the term used to define a protein fiber that is made up of actin that is involved in cell motility?

Intermediate Filaments

What is the term used to define a protein fiber used to provide support for maintaining cell shape?

Adhesion Proteins

What is the term used to define a protein that allows cells to attach to neighboring cells?

Carrier Proteins

What is the term used to define a protein that binds to a specific molecule and allows passage of that molecule across the cell membrane?

Aquaporins

What is the term used to define a protein that dramatically increases the rate of passage of water through the plasma membrane?

Reflex Arc

What is the term used to define a rapid involuntary response to a stimulus?

Sarcomere

What is the term used to define a repeating unit of overlapping muscle filaments?

Endospore

What is the term used to define a resistant body that contains genetic material and a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a durable cell wall that allows bacteria to resist high pH, High Temp, etc?

Scrotum

What is the term used to define a sac where testes are contained?

Altruistic Behavior

What is the term used to define a seemingly unselfish behavior that appears to reduce the fitness of an individual, while increasing the fitness of other individuals?

Promoter

What is the term used to define a sequence of DNA to which the RNA Polymerase attaches to begin transcription?

Inflammatory Response

What is the term used to define a series of non-specific events that occur in response to pathogens that include histamine, vasodilation, phagocytes, and complement?

Plasmid

What is the term used to define a short circular DNA molecule outside the chromosome?

Point Mutation

What is the term used to define a single nucleotide error?

Morula

What is the term used to define a solid ball of cells in embryonic development?

Polarized

What is the term used to define a state in the neuron in which there is a difference in the electrical charge between the outside and inside of the membrane?

Palisade Mesophyll

What is the term used to define a structure on leaves equipped with numerous chloroplasts and large surface areas, specialized for photosynthesis?

Guard Cells

What is the term used to define a structure on leaves that control the opening and closing of stomata?

Cuticle

What is the term used to define a structure on plants that is a waxy covering on aerial parts that reduces desiccation?

Vascular Cylinder or Stele

What is the term used to define a structure within roots that makes up tissues inside the endodermis?

Repressible enzymes

What is the term used to define a system in which a substance is required to turn of transcription of a protein?

Inducible enzymes

What is the term used to define a system that requires a substance to turn on the operon?

Foraging Behaviors

What is the term used to define a technique to optimize feeding observed in animals?

Cuticle

What is the term used to define a the substance the epidermal cells secrete which is a waxy protective substance?

Codon

What is the term used to define a triplet group of three adjacent nucleotides on the mRNA?

Transposons (jumping genes)

What is the term used to define a type of DNA molecule that can move to different places on a chromosome or a new chromosome?

rRNA

What is the term used to define a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes?

tRNA

What is the term used to define a type of RNA that delivers amino acids to a ribosome for their addition into a growing polypeptide chain?

mRNA

What is the term used to define a type of RNA that provides the instructions for assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain?

Meiosis

What is the term used to define a type of cell division in which the parent and daughter cells are genetically variable and the daughter cell has half the genetic information of the parent?

Collenchyma cells

What is the term used to define a type of ground tissue cell that has thick but flexible cell walls, and serve mechanical support functions?

Parenchyma cells

What is the term used to define a type of ground tissue cell that have thin walls and functions including photosynthesis, secretion, and storage?

Sclerenchyma

What is the term used to define a type of ground tissue cells with thicker walls than collenchyma, that provides mechanical support functions?

Passive Immunity

What is the term used to define a type of immunity obtained by transferring antibodies from an individual who previously had a disease to a newly infected individual?

Cardiac Muscle

What is the term used to define a type of muscle that is responsible for rhythmic contractions of the heart?

Skeletal Muscle

What is the term used to define a type of muscle that is voluntary that is attached to bones and causes movement of the body.

Deciduous Trees

What is the term used to define a type of plant that sheds its leaves during the slow growing season to reduce water loss?

Dermal Tissue

What is the term used to define a type of plant tissue that consists of epidermis cells that cover the outside of plant parts, guard cells that surround stomata, and various specialized cells including hair cells, stinging cells, and glandular cells?

Phloem

What is the term used to define a type of plant tissue that functions in the conduction of sugars?

Operon

What is the term used to define a unit of DNA that controls transcription of a gene?

Niche

What is the term used to define all the biotic and abiotic resources in the environment used by the organism?

Polymerase Chain Reaction

What is the term used to define amplifying DNA by millions of times?

Endodermis

What is the term used to define an area of the root that consists of a ring of tightly packed cells at the innermost of the cortex?

Chorion

What is the term used to define an embryonic membrane specialized for gas exchange?

Salivary Amylase

What is the term used to define an enzyme secreted by the salivary glands, and begins the breakdown of starch into maltose?

Telomerase

What is the term used to define an enzyme that adds a short sequence of nucleotides to the end of DNA during DNA replication?

DNA Ligase

What is the term used to define an enzyme that connects DNA molecules?

Restriction Enzymes

What is the term used to define an enzyme that cuts up DNA?

Primase

What is the term used to define an enzyme that initiates DNA replication at special nucleotide sequences with short segments of RNA nucleotides?

Excision repair enzymes

What is the term used to define an enzyme that repairs damage by mutagens?

Flame Cells

What is the term used to define an excretory mechanism in which body fluids are filtered through cells which are excreted through tube systems through pores that exit the body?

Contractile Vacuole

What is the term used to define an excretory mechanism in which vacuoles accumulate water, merge with the plasma membrane, and release water into the environment?

Imprinting

What is the term used to define an innate program for acquiring a specific behavior only if an appropriate stimulus is experienced during a critical period, once acquired the behavior is irreversible?

Smooth ER

What is the term used to define an organelle responsible for the synthesis of lipids, and hormones?

Peroxisomes

What is the term used to define an organelle that breaks down various substances including hydrogen peroxide, fatty acids, and amino acids?

Mitochondria

What is the term used to define an organelle that carries out aerobic respiration?

Chloroplasts

What is the term used to define an organelle that carries out photosynthesis?

Nondisjunction

What is the term used to define failure of one or more chromosome pairs or chromatids of a single chromosome to properly separate during meiosis or mitosis?

Villi / Microvilli

What is the term used to define fingerlike projections of the intestines used to increase the total absorptive area?

Nodes of Ranvier

What is the term used to define gaps of unsheathed axon?

Sex-linked Genes

What is the term used to define genes on sex chromosomes?

Protein Synthesis

What is the term used to define how enzymes and other proteins are made from DNA?

Polyploidy

What is the term used to define if all the chromosomes undergo meiotic nondisjunction and produce gametes with twice the number of chromosomes?

Vasodilation

What is the term used to define increased blood supplies to damaged areas allowing for easier movement for white blood cells in response to histamine release?

Secondary Growth

What is the term used to define increasing of a plants girth, or lateral dimensions, along with its length?

Memory Cells

What is the term used to define long-lived B-cells that do not release their antibodies in response to the immediate antigen invasion. Instead they circulate through the body and respond to any subsequent invasion?

Transpiration

What is the term used to define loss of water in a plant due to evaporation?

Humoral Response

What is the term used to define most cells and responds to antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the blood or lymph?

Carcinogens

What is the term used to define mutations that activate uncontrolled cell growth?

Allele

What is the term used to define one or several varieties of a gene?

Pecking Order

What is the term used to define order of status often used to describe dominance hierarchies?

Facultative Anaerobes

What is the term used to define organisms that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen?

Obligate Anaerobes

What is the term used to define organisms that cannot live in the presence of oxygen?

Halophiles

What is the term used to define organisms that live in environments with high salt?

Thermophiles

What is the term used to define organisms that live in very hot environments (greater than 60 degrees Celsius).

Obligate Aerobes

What is the term used to define organisms that must have oxygen to live?

Decomposers (Saprobes)

What is the term used to define organisms that obtain energy from dead organic matter?

Methanogens

What is the term used to define organisms that obtain energy from using H2 to fix CO2 and produce methane?

Peripheral Proteins

What is the term used to define proteins loosely attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane?

Ion Channels

What is the term used to define proteins that allow the passage of ions though the cell membrane?

Integral Proteins

What is the term used to define proteins that are extend into the membrane?

Transmembrane proteins

What is the term used to define proteins that span to both sides of the plasma membrane?

Channel Proteins

What is the term used to define proteins which provide open passageways through the membrane for certain hydrophilic substances to pass?

Active Transport Proteins

What is the term used to define proteins which use energy to direct a substance across the plasma membrane against its concentration gradient?

Carcinogens

What is the term used to define radiation or chemicals that cause mutations?

Cleavage

What is the term used to define rapid cell divisions without cell growth?

Euchromatin

What is the term used to define regions where DNA is loosely bound to nucleosomes and can be actively transcribed?

poly-A Tail

What is the term used to define repeated A nucleotides at the 3' end of mRNA?

Capillary Action

What is the term used to define rise of liquids in narrow tubes?

Alternative splicing

What is the term used to define selectively removing different parts of an RNA transcript, to allow different RNA's to be produced.

Interferons

What is the term used to define substances secreted by cells invaded by viruses that stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins that help defend against the viruses?

Antibiotics

What is the term used to define substances that stimulate the production of memory cells?

Territoriality

What is the term used to define the active possession and defense of the territory in which an animal or groups of animals lives.

Elongation

What is the term used to define the adding of DNA Nucleotides in the complement strand?

Cortex

What is the term used to define the area of the root responsible for storing starch?

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

What is the term used to define the calcium storage structure of a muscle cell?

Endocytosis

What is the term used to define the capture of a substance outside the cell when the plasma membrane merges to engulf it?

White Blood Cells

What is the term used to define the cellular component of blood involved in disease fighting?

Red Blood Cells

What is the term used to define the cellular component of blood used to transport oxygen?

Bulk Flow

What is the term used to define the collective movement of substances in the same direction in response to a force or pressure?

Sarcoplasm

What is the term used to define the cytoplasm of a muscle cell?

Organogenesis

What is the term used to define the development of organs?

Dialysis

What is the term used to define the diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane?

Angiosperms

What is the term used to define the flowering plants?

Gastrula

What is the term used to define the formation of three embryonic germ layers?

Synapse

What is the term used to define the gap that separates adjacent neurons?

Gene

What is the term used to define the genetic material on a chromosome that contains instructions for creating a particular trait?

Cell-Mediated Response

What is the term used to define the immune system response that uses mostly T-Cells and responds to any non-self cells, including cells invaded by a pathogen?

law of independent assortment

What is the term used to define the independent assortment of alleles?

Homozygous

What is the term used to define the inheritance of two dominant alleles?

Homozygous recessive

What is the term used to define the inheritance of two recessive alleles?

Ecosystem

What is the term used to define the interrelationships between the organisms in a community and their physical environment?

Plasma

What is the term used to define the liquid portion of the blood that contains dissolved substances?

Vegetal

What is the term used to define the lower pole of an embryo?

Chemiosmosis

What is the term used to define the mechanism of ATP generation that occurs when energy is stored in the form of a proton concentration gradient across a membrane?

Chemiosmosis

What is the term used to define the mechanism of ATP generation that occurs when energy is stored in the form of a proton concentration gradient across the membrane?

Osmosis

What is the term used to define the movement of water from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration?

Plasmolysis

What is the term used to define the movement of water out of the cell that results in collapse of a cell?

Epidermis

What is the term used to define the outside surface of a root?

Phenotype

What is the term used to define the physical manifestation of a gene?

Sarcolemma

What is the term used to define the plasma membrane of a muscle cell?

Exocytosis

What is the term used to define the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell?

law of segregation

What is the term used to define the segregation of alleles to individual gametes?

Cytokinesis

What is the term used to define the stage in the cell cycle where the cytoplasm of a cell is divided?

Systolic Blood Pressure

What is the term used to define the type of blood pressure that is characterized by the ventricles contracting?

Diastolic Pressure

What is the term used to define the type of blood pressure that is characterized by the ventricles relaxing?

Habitat

What is the term used to define the type of place were an organism usually lives?

Resting Potential

What is the term used to define the unstimulated polarized state of a neuron?

Animal

What is the term used to define the upper pole of an embryo?

Apical Meristems

What is the term used to define tips of shoots?

Inclusive Fitness

What is the term used to define to increase the fitness of the individual and relatives?

Cancer

What is the term used to define uncontrolled cell growth and division?

Lysosomes

What is the term used to define vesicles from the golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes?

Heterochromatin

What is the term used to define when DNA is tightly bound to nucleosomes and cannot be transcribed?

Proofreading

What is the term used to define when DNA polymerase checks to make sure that each newly added nucleotide correctly base pairs with the template strand?

Duplication

What is the term used to define when a chromosome segment is repeated on the same chromosome?

Insertion

What is the term used to define when a nucleotide is added to the nucleotide sequence?

Translocation

What is the term used to define when a segment of a chromosome is moved to another chromosome?

Pleiotropy

What is the term used to define when a single gene has multiple phenotypes?

Point Mutation

What is the term used to define when a single nucleotide in the DNA is mutated and incorrect?

Primary Growth

What is the term used to define when actively dividing cells occur only at the apical meristems producing growth that increases the length of a shoot or root?

Associative learning

What is the term used to define when an animal recognizes (learns) that two or more events are connected?

Insight

What is the term used to define when an animal, exposed to a new situation and without prior relevant experience, performs a behavior that generates a desired outcome.

Observational Learning

What is the term used to define when animals copy the behavior of another animal without having experienced any prior positive reinforcement with the behavior?

Polygenic inheritance

What is the term used to define when multiple genes shape a single phenotype?

Transduction

What is the term used to define when new DNA is introduced into the genome of a bacteria by a virus?

X-Inactivation

What is the term used to define when one X-chromosome remains coiled an nonfunctional?

Epistasis

What is the term used to define when one gene affects the expression of another?

Inversions

What is the term used to define when segments are rearranged in reverse orientation on the same chromosome?

RNA Splicing

What is the term used to define when segments of RNA are removed these segments are called introns?

Substitution

What is the term used to define when the DNA sequence contains an incorrect nucleotide in place of the correct nucleotide?

Heterozygous

What is the term used to define when the two inherited alleles are different?

Codominance

What is the term used to define when two different alleles in heterozygous conditions are both completely expressed?

Symplast

What is the term used to define when water moves from one cell to another through the living portion of cells?

Tropic Hormones

What is the term used to define who stimulate the release of other hormones in other glands?

Nitrification

What is the term used to describe NH₄ to NO₂, and NO₂ to NO₃ by various nitrifying bacteria?

Nitrogen Fixation

What is the term used to describe N₂ to NH₄ by nitrogen fixing bacteria, or N₂ to NO₃ by lightning and UV radiation?

Non-polar Covalent Bond

What is the term used to describe a bond in which electrons are shared equally?

Polar Covalent Bond

What is the term used to describe a bond in which electrons are shared unequally?

Covalent Bond

What is the term used to describe a bond in which electrons are shared?

Ionic Bond

What is the term used to describe a bond that forms between two atoms when one or more electrons is transferred to another atoms, and which the electronegativity difference between both atoms is very large.

Hydrogen Bond

What is the term used to describe a bond that is formed when the positively charged hydrogen atom in one covalently bonded molecule is attracted to a negatively charged area of another covalently bonded molecule?

Monosaccharide

What is the term used to describe a carbohydrate that consists of a single sugar molecule?

Lipids

What is the term used to describe a common class of organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar substances?

Climax Community

What is the term used to describe a community that changes very little overtime which is usually the end result of ecological succession?

Aposematic Coloration

What is the term used to describe a conspicuous pattern or coloration of animals that warns predators that they sting, bite, taste bad, and should be otherwise avoided?

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

What is the term used to describe a fatty acid with more than one double bond?

Saturated Fatty Acid

What is the term used to describe a fatty acid with no double bonds between its carbon atoms?

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

What is the term used to describe a fatty acid with one double bond?

Artificial Selection

What is the term used to describe a form of directional selection carried out by humans to select for plants or animals with desirable traits?

Species

What is the term used to describe a group of individuals capable of interbreeding?

Cnidaria

What is the term used to describe a group of organisms in the animal kingdom that consists of Hydrozoa, jellyfish, sea anemones, and coral?

Rotifera

What is the term used to describe a group of organisms in the animal kingdom that consists of filter feeders drawing water and food into the moth by beating of cilia, these organisms are called rotifers?

Platyhelminthes

What is the term used to describe a group of organisms in the animal kingdom that consists of flatworms grouped into through categories called flukes, tapeworms, and proglottids?

Nematoda

What is the term used to describe a group of organisms in the animal kingdom that consists of roundworms?

Echinodermata

What is the term used to describe a group of organisms in the animal kingdom that consists of sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars?

Annelida

What is the term used to describe a group of organisms in the animal kingdom that consists of segmented worms, which include leeches and earthworms?

Mollusca

What is the term used to describe a group of organisms in the animal kingdom that consists of snails, bivalves, octopuses, and squids?

Porifera

What is the term used to describe a group of organisms in the animal kingdom that consists of sponges?

Organ

What is the term used to describe a group of two or more tissues functioning together to perform a particular activity?

R-Selected Species

What is the term used to describe a growth pattern in which a species displays exponential growth?

K-Selected Species

What is the term used to describe a growth pattern in which the species' population size remains relatively constant?

Sympatric Speciation

What is the term used to describe a mechanism of speciation in which a new species is formed within a population in the absence of a geographical barrier.

Macromolecule

What is the term used to describe a molecule that consists of thousands of atoms?

Phospholipid

What is the term used to describe a molecule that looks just lipid except one of the fatty acid chains is replaced by a phosphate group?

Chitin

What is the term used to describe a polymer similar to cellulose, which serves as the structural molecule in the walls of fungus cells and in the exoskeleton of insects, some arthropods, and mollusks?

Mutualism

What is the term used to describe a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit?

Parasitism

What is the term used to describe a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the others fitness is reduced?

Commensalism

What is the term used to describe a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and another is unaffected?

Stabilizing Selection

What is the term used to describe a type of selection that eliminates individuals that have extreme or unusual traits?

Directional Selection

What is the term used to describe a type of selection that favors traits at one extreme of a range of traits?

Disruptive Selection

What is the term used to describe a type of selection when the environment favors extreme or unusual traits, while selecting against the common traits?

Secondary Succession

What is the term used to describe a type of succession begins in a habitat where communities were entirely or partly destroyed by some kind of damaging event?

Primary Succession

What is the term used to describe a type of succession that occurs on substrates never previously supported by living things?

Herbivore

What is the term used to describe an animal that eats plants?

Noncompetitive Inhibition

What is the term used to describe an enzyme regulation system a substance inhibits the action of an enzyme by binding to a site other than the enzyme active site?

Competitive Inhibition

What is the term used to describe an enzyme regulation system in which a substance that mimics the substrate inhibits an enzyme by occupying the active site?

Cooperativity

What is the term used to describe an enzyme regulation system in which an enzyme becomes more receptive to a substrate once one substrate is already bound?

Parasitoid

What is the term used to describe an insect that lays its eggs on the host, and the host is consumed by the hatched organism?

Parasite

What is the term used to describe an organism that spends most or all its life feeding on host tissues?

Endotherms

What is the term used to describe animals that generate their own body heat?

Ectoderms

What is the term used to describe animals that obtain body heat from their environment?

Predator

What is the term used to describe any animal that totally or partly consumes another plant or animal?

Camouflage

What is the term used to describe any color, pattern, shape, or behavior that enables animals to blend in with its surroundings?

Primary Producers

What is the term used to describe autotrophs that convert energy of the sun into chemical energy?

Homologous Structure

What is the term used to describe body parts that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a common ancestor?

Analogous Structures

What is the term used to describe body parts that resemble one another in different species, not because they have evolved from a common ancestor, but because they have evolved independently as adaptations to their environment?

Interspecific Competition

What is the term used to describe competition between different species?

Detritovores

What is the term used to describe consumers that obtain energy by eating dead plant or animal matter?

Ammonification

What is the term used to describe converting organic compounds back to NH₄?

Enzymes

What is the term used to describe globular proteins that act as catalysts for metabolic reactions?

Dispersion

What is the term used to describe how individuals in a population are distributed?

Survivorship Curves

What is the term used to describe how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetime?

Microevolution

What is the term used to describe how populations of organisms change from generation to generation and how new species originate?

Triglycerides

What is the term used to describe hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group at one end of the chain?

Density-Dependent Factors

What is the term used to describe limiting factors that become more intense as a population increases in size?

Density-Independent Factors

What is the term used to describe limiting factors that occur independently of density dependent factors?

Heterotrophs

What is the term used to describe living organisms that obtain energy by consuming organic substances?

Hydrophilic

What is the term used to describe molecules that can dissolve in water?

Hydrophobic

What is the term used to describe molecules that cannot dissolve in water?

Respiration

What is the term used to describe movement of gases into and out of the entire organism?

Cofactors

What is the term used to describe non-protein molecules that assist enzymes?

Macroevolution

What is the term used to describe patterns of changes in groups of closely related species over broad periods of geological time?

Genetic Drift

What is the term used to describe random increase or decrease of alleles?

Secondary Consumers

What is the term used to describe species that eat primary consumers

Tertiary Consumers

What is the term used to describe species that eat secondary consumers?

Age Structure

What is the term used to describe the abundance of individuals of each age?

Anabolism

What is the term used to describe the biochemical process an organism undergoes to synthesize new compounds?

Ecological Succession

What is the term used to describe the change in species composition over time?

Natural Selection

What is the term used to describe the differences in survival and reproduction among individuals in a population as a result of their interaction with the environment?

Coevolution

What is the term used to describe the evolution of one species in response to another?

Heterotrophs

What is the term used to describe the group of organism who get their carbon source from consuming organic materials?

Chemoautotrophs

What is the term used to describe the group of organism who use chemical energy to drive metabolic processes and create their own carbon molecules for food?

Phototrophs

What is the term used to describe the group of organism who use light energy to drive metabolic processes, and create their own carbon sources?

Autotrophs

What is the term used to describe the group of organism whose type of energy acquisition includes manufacturing their own organic molecules?

Natural Selection

What is the term used to describe the increase or decrease in allele frequency due to the impact of the environment?

Gene Flow

What is the term used to describe the introduction or removal of alleles from a population when individuals leave or enter the population?

Biotic Potential

What is the term used to describe the maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources and without any growth restrictions.

Carrying Capacity

What is the term used to describe the maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat?

Fundamental Niche

What is the term used to describe the niche an organism occupies in the absence of competing species?

Starch

What is the term used to describe the principal energy storage molecule of plants?

Competitive Exclusion Principle

What is the term used to describe the principle that no two species can occupy the same niche?

Ecological Efficiency

What is the term used to describe the proportion of energy represented at one trophic level that is transferred to the next trophic level?

Adaptive Radiation

What is the term used to describe the relatively rapid evolution of many species from a single common ancestor during the colonization of a new area?

Hybrid Vigor

What is the term used to describe the superior quality of offspring resulting from crosses between two different inbred strains of plants?

Size

What is the term used to describe the total number of individuals in a population?

Density

What is the term used to describe the total number of individuals per area or volume occupied?

Secondary Compounds

What is the term used to describe toxic chemicals produced in plants that discourage would-be herbivores?

Comparative Anatomy

What is the term used to describe two kinds of structures that contribute to the identification of evolutionary relationships among species?

Organ System

What is the term used to describe two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task?

Divergent Evolution

What is the term used to describe two or more species that originate from a common ancestor and become increasingly different over time?

Parallel Evolution

What is the term used to describe two related species or two related lineages that have made similar evolutionary changes after divergence from a common ancestor?

Symbiosis

What is the term used to describe two species that live together in close contact during a portion, or all their lives?

Disaccharide

What is the term used to describe two sugar molecules linked by a glycosidic linkage?

Convergent Evolution

What is the term used to describe two unrelated species that share similar traits?

Neutral Variation

What is the term used to describe variation that does not have selective advantage/disadvantage but is present in a population?

Mullerian Mimicry

What is the term used to describe when a group of species all have a special defense mechanism, have the same coloration?

Allopatric Speciation

What is the term used to describe when a population is divided by a geographical barrier so that interbreeding between the two resulting populations is prevented, and two new species result in the two populations?

Bottleneck

What is the term used to describe when a population undergoes a dramatic decrease in size?

Founder Effect

What is the term used to describe when allele frequencies in a group of migrating individuals are by chance not the same as the original population?

Batesian Mimicry

What is the term used to describe when animals without any special defense mechanism mimics the coloration of an animal that does possess a defense?

Nonrandom mating

What is the term used to describe when individuals choose mates based upon their particular traits?

Logistic Growth

What is the term used to describe when limiting factors restrict the size of a population growth to the carrying capacity of the habitat?

Frequency dependent selection or minority advantage

What is the term used to describe when the least common phenotypes have a selective advantage?

Exponential Growth

What is the term used to describe when the reproductive rate is greater than zero in population ecology?

Mimicry

What is the term used to describe when two species resemble one another in appearance?

Intermembrane Space

What layer of the mitochondria do protons accumulate?

Inner Membrane/Cristae

What layer of the mitochondria does oxidative phosphorylation occur? What structure is present in this layer?

The moment the chromosomes start separating to opposite poles of the cells.

What marks the beginning of anaphase?

When the chromosomes are distributed across the metaphase plate / When the chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

What marks the beginning of metaphase? What marks the end?

1. Nucleic Acid. 2. Capsid or protein coat. 3. Envelope.

What structures do viruses consist of? (3)

Thylakoids

What substructure of the chloroplast contains protein complexes, cytochromes, and other electron carriers of the light dependent reactions?

Stroma

What substructure of the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle occur?

Thylakoid Lumen

What substructure of the chloroplast is the site were H+ protons accumulate?

1. Nucleoli disappear & chromatin condenses into chromosomes. 2. Nuclear Envelope Breaks down. 3. The Mitotic Spindle is assembled.

What three activities occur simultaneously during prophase?

ADH & Oxytocin

What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)?

1. Kreb Cycle. 2. Oxidative Phosphorylation.

What two major processes of aerobic respiration occur in the mitochondria?

AV Node

What type of autorhythmic cell is under the control of another cardiac center?

SA Node

What type of autorhythmic cell spontaneously initiates the cardiac cycle?

Closed Circulatory System

What type of circulatory system consists of blood being confined to blood vessels?

Open Circulatory systems

What type of circulatory system pumps blood into an internal cavity called the hemocoel, which bathe tissues, and oxygen and nutrient carrying fluid called hemolymph?

Rhizopoda

What type of organism are amoebas that move by pseudopodia?

Ciliates

What type of organism are distinguished by their cilia?

Dinoflagellates

What type of organism create nerve toxins that concentrate in filter-feeding fish, which can cause illness in humans if eaten?

Oomycota

What type of organism include water molds, downy mildews, and white rusts?

Brown Algae

What type of organisms consist of giant seaweeds or kelp?

Flatworms

What type of organisms possess a gas exchange mechanism that is directly with the environment?

a. Directional Selection. b. Disruptive Selection. c. Stabilizing Selection.

What type of selection does graph a, b, and c depict?

Type II

What type of survivorship curve describes organisms in which survivorship is random, that is, the likelihood of death is at any age?

Type III

What type of survivorship curve describes species in which most individuals die young.

Type I

What type of survivorship curve describes species in which most individuals survive to middle age?

1. Plasma Cells 2. Memory Cells

When B cells encounter antigens that specifically bind to their antibodies, the B-cells proliferate producing two types of daughter B cells called:

Epiglottis

When an animal is swallowing, a special flap called the _______ covers the trachea, preventing the access of solid or liquid materials?

At Puberty

When does spermatogenesis occur in humans?

Prophase I

When does synapsis take place in meiosis?

Primitive Streak

When gastrulation begins, invagination occurs along a line called the ________ ______ in birds.

Anaerobic Respiration

When there is no oxygen what must a cell do to produce ATP if it is an aerobe?

Ovary

Where are eggs produced in females?

Epididymis

Where are mature sperm stored?

Sex Cells

Where does meiosis take place in humans?

The Matrix of the Mitochondria

Where does the Kreb cycle occur specifically during aerobic respiration in eukaryotes?

Plant Cells

Which type of cells contain cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles?

Bone Marrow

White blood cells originate in ______ _______.

Because DNA replication consists of a single strand of the old template, and a single strand of the newly replicated DNA.

Why is DNA replication considered semiconservative?

Islets of Langerhans

Within the pancreas there are bundles of cells that are called _______ ___ _________ which contain alpha and beta cells.

T-Cells

__-______ are lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow, but mature in the thymus gland

___ accumulates at night?

Pr & Pfr

___ and ____ are in equilibrium during daylight?

___ is the form of phytochrome synthesized in plant cells?

Beta / Alpha

_____ Cells secrete insulin while ______ cells secrete glucagon.

Long-Day

_____-____ plants flower in the spring and early summer when daylight is increasing?

Day-Neutral

_____-______ plants do not flower in response to daylight changes?

Night Length

______ ______ is responsible for resetting the circadian-rhythm clock.

Short-Day

______-_____ plants flower in late summer and early fall when daylight is decreasing.

Sertoli Cells

_______ ______ in the seminiferous tubules provide nourishment to the spermatids as they differentiate into mature sperm

Limiting Factors

________ ______ are those elements that prevent a population from obtaining biotic potential.

Passive Transport

________ ________ is the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration using a carrier protein.

Phytochrome

________ a protein modified with a light-absorbing chromophore, seems to be involved in sensing day/night cycles?

Lichens

________ are mutualistic associations between fungi and algae?

Agnostic

________ behavior originates from competition for food, mates, or territory.

Instinct

________ is behavior that is innate, or inherited.

Ecological Pyramids

_________ ________ are used to show relationships between trophic levels?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

_________ ___________ is the process of extracting ATP from NADH and FADH2.

Phagocytes

_________ are white blood cells that engulf pathogens by phagocytosis?

Prokaryotes

_________ do not have a nucleus.

Lycophyta

_________ include the club mosses, spike mosses, and quilworts.

Pterophyta

_________ include three groups of plants called the ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns?

Ovulation

_________ marks the release of the secondary oocyte from the follicle.

Dominance Hierarchies

__________ _________ indicates power and status relationships between individuals in a group?

Retroviruses / reverse transcriptase

__________ are ssRNA viruses that use an enzyme called ________ __________ to make a DNA compliment of their RNA.

Acetylcholine

__________ is commonly secreted at neuromuscular joints, where it acts to stimulate muscles to contract.

Florigen

What hormone in plants is responsible for flowering?

Pineal Gland / body / circadian rhythms

What is the source / target / action of the hormone melatonin?

Tight Junctions

What is the term used to define a cell junction that is a tightly stitched seam between animal cells that do not allow for passage of materials between cells?

RNA Primers

What is the term used to define a molecules of RNA that initiates DNA replication?

Central Nervous System

What is the term used to define a part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord?

Sympathetic Nervous System

What is the term used to define a part of the nervous system that stimulates the body to action such as fight or flight?

Somatic Nervous System

What is the term used to define a part of the peripheral nervous system that directs contraction of skeletal muscles and is voluntary?

Abscisic Acid

What is the term used to define a plant hormone that is a growth inhibitor?

Amnion

What is the term used to define an embryonic membrane that cushions the embryo?

Yolk Sac

What is the term used to define an embryonic membrane that digests yolk?

Allantois

What is the term used to define an embryonic membrane that stores wastes, or transports wastes?

Cervix

What is the term used to define an opening in the uterus?

Fixed Action Patterns

What is the term used to define innate behaviors that follow regular unvarying patterns?

Apoplast

What is the term used to define when water moves through cell walls and intercellular spaces from one cell to another without ever entering the cell?

Cellulose

What is the term used to describe a structural molecule in the walls of plant cells and the major component in wood?

Chemical Equilibrium

What is the term used to describe conditions in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction?

Denitrification

What is the term used to describe convert NO₃ back to N₂?

Sexual Selection

What is the term used to describe the differential mating of mates in a population?

Insects and Mollusks

What two classes of organisms possess open circulatory systems?

Apicomplexans

What type of organism are parasites of animals?

Rhodophyta

What type of organism contain red accessory pigments called phycobilisomes and have gametes that do not have flagella?

Foraminifera

What type of organism have shells made of calcium carbonate?

Diatoms

What type of organisms have shells that fit like a box with a lid that consist of silica?

Earthworms

What type of organisms possess a gas exchange mechanism that is a basic circulatory system directly below the skin.

Insects

What type of organisms possess a gas exchange mechanism that is composed of trachea in which air enters spiracles and goes into the trachea?

Pfr

_____ appears to reset the circadian-rhythm clock.

Angiosperms aka Anthophyta

___________ consist of flowering plants that develop fruits.

Photosynthesis/Oxygen

Bundle Sheath cells help to increase the efficiency of __________. This is accomplished by shuttling CO2 to the bundle sheath cells which have low concentrations of ________.

Stomata/Water

C4 plants have a developmental advantage over C3 plants in hot, dry climates. C4 plants have a higher rate of photosynthesis so the don't have to open their ________ for quite as long as C3 plants, this reduces ______ loss.

Cactii

CAM photosynthesis would most likely occur in plants called _______.

Carotid Arteries

Chemoreceptors in the ________ ________ monitor the pH of blood?

Telophase

Cytokinesis begins during ________?

1. Action potential generates the release of acetylcholine. 2. Action Potential is generated on sarcolemma throughout the T-Tubules. 3. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum releases Ca2+. 4. Myosin Cross-Bridges Form.

Describe the four steps in muscle contraction:

Helicase / Replication Fork

During DNA replication the enzyme ________ unwinds the DNA helix, forming a Y-Shaped __________ ______?

5' ---> 3'

During DNA replication the new complementary strand grows in the what direction?

5' --> 3'

During DNA replication what direction does DNA polymerase move?

During Translation is the exact base pairing of the third tRNA nucleotide required between the codon and anticodon?

Guard Cells

Each stomata is enclosed by two ______ ____?

Seminiferous Tubules / Interstitial Cells

Each testes consists of ___________ ________ for the production of sperm, and ________ ______ which produce male sex hormones.

Basophils

Histamine is secreted by ________, white blood cells found in connective tissue.

Light

In photosystems 1 & 2 how are electrons energized?

Oxaloacetate/Citrate

In the 2nd step of the kreb cycle Pyruvate combines with __________ to form ________?

Is light used during the calvin cycle?

Macrophages

Monocytes enlarge into large phagocytic cells called _________.

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (Pneumonic "Dumb Kids Playing Chase On Freeways Get Squashed")

Name the successional order of taxonomy starting from Domain to species.

RNA & Protein

Ribosomes consist of _____ and _______.

Tropic

The anterior pituitary releases _______ hormones.

Neuron

The basic structural unit of the nervous system is a _______.

CO₂

The calvin cycle fixes ____?

Invertebrates

The group of chordates that consists of the lancelets and tunicates are called the __________?

Vertebrates

The group of chordates that consists of the shark, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are called the _________?

Primary

The penis and vagina are examples of ________ sex characteristics.

Activation Energy

The presence of a catalyst accelerates the rate of the reaction because it lowers the ________ _______ required for the reaction to take place.

Kidney

The vertebrate _______ consists of about one million individual filtering units called Nephrons.

Diaphragm / Intercostal

The volume of the lungs is increased by the contraction of the _________ and the _________ muscles.

Actin

Thin filaments are composed of _______.

False, the light dependent and independent reactions occur here.

True/False: Only the light dependent reactions occur in the chloroplasts?

1. Cell walls contain various polysaccharides but not peptidoglycans, cellulose or chitin. 2. Ether linked phospholipid membranes. 3. DNA associated with histones.

What are some defining characteristics of the domain archaea? (3)

Cytochromes

What are the carrier proteins generally referred to in the electron transport chain?

1. Water is an excellent Solvent. 2. Water has a high heat capacity. 3. Ice Floats. 4. Water has strong cohesion & high surface Tension. 5. Water has strong Adhesion.

What are the five basic properties of water?

1. Skeletal Muscle. 2. Smooth Muscle. 3. Cardiac Muscle.

What are the three kinds of muscle?

1. Parenchyma cells. 2. Collenchyma cells. 3. Sclerenchyma cells.

What are the three major cells of ground tissue?

Ground Tissue / Dermal Tissue / Vascular Tissue

What are the three major groups of plant tissue?

1. Osmosis. 2. Capillary Action. 3. Cohesion-Tension Theory.

What are the three mechanisms that are involved in the movement of water and dissolved minerals in plants?

1. Proofreading. 2. Mismatch Pair. 3. Excision Repair.

What are the three mechanisms to repair replication errors?

1. Nitrogen base. 2. Sugar. 3. Phosphate.

What are the three parts of a nucleotide monomer?

Cellulose