AP Bio Final

hydrocarbon chain

-(CH2)nCH3

Ester linkage

-C=O

methyl

-CH3

carboxyl

-COOH

muscles of the lower forelimb (flexors)

-Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Palmaris Longus Flexor Digitorum Profundis Flexor Carpi Radialis Pronator Teres

amine

-NH2

hydroxyl

-OH

phosphate

-OPO3

sulfhydral

-SH

What are the three primary actions used to group muscles?

-a prime mover, or agonist -antagonists -synergists

muscles of the thorax superficials

-clavobrachialis -pectoantebrachialis -pectoralis major -pectoralis minor -xiphihumeralis

muscles of the upper forelimb

-epitrochlearis -triceps brachii (long, lateral, medial heads) -biceps brachii

muscles of the abdomen superficials

-external oblique -internal oblique -transversus

What are the four groups of muscles that comprise the axial musculature?

-muscles of head and neck -muscles of the spine -oblique and rectus muscles -muscles of the pelvic floor

What two major groups of muscles comprise the appendicular musculature?

-muscles of shoulders and arms -muscles of pelvic girdles and legs

muscles of the neck superficials

-sternomastoid -sternohyoid -sternothyroid -mylohyoideus -digastricus -masseter

In determining the age of a skeleton, which of the following selections would be used?

-the presence/absence of epiphyseal plates -the size and roughness of bone markings -the mineral content of the bones

order of respiratory system

1. Nasal Cavity 2. Trachea (windpipe) 3. Lungs 4. Bronchi 5. Bronchioles 6. Alveoli

How many glands produce saliva?

3

What percentage of the bones in the body comprise the axial skeleton?

40%

carbonyl

>C=O

Explain the antigen/antibody interaction in the human ABO and Rh systems. Include specific interactions.

A blood - A angiten, can make anti-B antibody B blood - B antigen, can make anti-A antibody AB Blood - A and B antigens, neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies O Blood - neither A or B antigens, can have anti-A and anti B antibodies Rh blood - Rh + has Rh antigen, Rh- has anti-Rh antibody

Suggest whether each of the following pairs of structures more likely represents analogy or homology. Explain. (Whale's front flipper / human hand)

A whale's front flipper and a human hand would more likely represent homology because the bones have the same structure; they are just used for different functions. Additionally, the definition of homologous is "structure that has similar structure with a different function."

Explain why blood type AB is the "universal" recipient.

AB blood only has antigens and no antibodies; therefore, it does not attack the donated blood. AB positive is the better recipient.

The section of a gene from several species is analyzed. The DNA sequence from organism X is ATTCGCTATCGTAT. Which organism is most closely related to organism X.

ATTCGCTATCCTAT - only one sequence is different

Suggest whether each of the following pairs of structures more likely represents analogy or homology. Explain. (owl's wing / hornet's wing)

An owl's wing and an hornet's wing would more likely represent analogy because the wings have the same function, just different structure. The definition of analogous is "structure that has a similar function with a different structure due to convergent evolution."

What classification test is used to identify reducing sugars?

Benedict's test

Where do the bonds between amino acids occur?

Between the amine of one and the carboxyl of another

Where do the bonds between nucleotides occur?

Between the pentose sugar of one and the phosphate of another

Explain why blood type O is the universal donor.

Blood type O is the universal donor because it has no antigens, but produces both A and B antibodies. Because type O has no antigens, it cannot be attacked by the antibodies of the original blood when it is donated.

Above the heart

Brachiocephalic -Right subclavian -Right common carotid -left common carotid ---lingual ---external carotid ---internal carotid

Cladogram

Branching diagram dividing organism into categories based on a set of characteristics

atlas

C1

axis

C2

If the nucleotide sequence of one strand of a DNA helix is GCTACT, what would be the sequence on the complementary DNA strand?

CGATGA

What is unique about carbon's bonding properties that contributes to its importance in organic chemistry?

Carbon is able to create four bonds, meaning it can share electrons with up to four different elements. Carbon's ability to share electrons contributes to its importance in organic chemistry. It is also slightly electronegative and can form straight chains, branched chains, and rings. (tetravalence)

Correctly identify the sequence of the vertebra from superior to inferior.

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Cladistics

Classification based on the branchings of descendant from a common ancestor / evolutionary classification

Macromolecule: Lipid

Elements: CHO Monomer: fatty acid, glycerol Function: store energy in fat

Macromolecule: Carbohydrates

Elements: CHO Monomer: monosaccharides Function: results in energy

Macromolecule: Protein

Elements: CHON Monomer: amino acid Function: catalyze reactions/structure

Macromolecule: Nucleic acid

Elements: CHONP Monomer: nucleotides Function: code genetic information

Why are enzymes necessary / important in living things?

Enzymes are responsible for speeding up a reaction or lowering the activation energy. This is important for living things because without enzymes, the body would not be able to break down our food quickly.

Phylogenetics

Evolutionary history

Muscles of the lower forelimb (extensors)

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Extensor Digitorum lateralis Extensor Digitorum Communis Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

How is food in your digestive system like a finger in a doughnut?

Food moving through the hole that is your digestive system

Digestive System

Functions: breakdown of food that allows absorption of nutrients Main organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines

Circulatory System

Functions: circulation of blood Main organs: heart, veins, arteries, capalleries

Excretory Systems

Functions: filters blood and removes waste Main organs: kidney, ureter, bladder

Respiratory System

Functions: gas exchange between the internal and external environment Main organs: lungs, trachea

Nervous System

Functions: processing center for sensory input Main Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves

Reproductive System

Functions: production of reproductive cells that will generate offspring Main organs: uterus, ovaries, testes

Integumentary System

Functions: protection against the external environment and regulation of temperature Main organs: skin, nails, hair

Endocrine system

Functions: regulation of body processes through hormone production Main organs: hormones, thyroid

Immune/Lymphatic System

Functions: returning fluid back to circulatory system Main Organs: tonsils, spleen, lyphnodes

Skeletal System

Functions: support and protection of many internal organs Main organs: bones

Muscular System

Functions: voluntary and involuntary movement Main organs: muscles, heart, ligaments, tendons

"calf" muscle

Gastrocnemius

Explain the connection between polarity (polar/nonpolar) with the affinity to water (hydrophobic/hydrophilic).

Hydrophobic translates to "water fearing." Hydrophobic pairs with nonpolar interactions because they do not mix with water. Hydrophilic translates to "water loving" and pairs with polar interactions because these molecules are able to dissolve in water.

What happens when a protein denatures?

It loses its secondary and tertiary structures

What are the types of RNA?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Which type of evidence is most accurate in determining evolutionary relationships and relatedness: morphological or molecular? Explain.

Molecular evidence is more accurate in determining evolutionary relationships and relatedness because the more identical their genes and DNA are, the more closely related.

Draw a "generic" amino acid (structure)

NH2 / H / COOH / R group all bonded to C

Explain why O- can only receive O-blood.

O- can only receive O- blood because it makes all of the antibodies, so it will attack anything other than O- and it does not have any of the antigens.

What classification test is used to distinguish between different types of monosaccharides, specifically aldoses and ketoses?

Seliwanoff Test

Analogous

Structure that has a similar function with a different structure due to convergent evolution

Homologous

Structure that has a similar structure with a different function

Vestigial

Structure that has reduced size and function due to evolution

Why are hydrocarbons unable to dissolve in water?

The C-H bond is nonpolar

Morphology

The form and structure of an organism

Outline the digestive processes from the mouth, to the stomach, and then the small intestine. Include the organic compound that is digested, what is broken down into (monomers), and the name of the major enzyme involved in the process.

The major enzyme in the mouth is amalyse, and it is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates into glucose. The major enzyme in the stomach is pepsin, and it is responsible for breaking down proteins into amino acids. Lastly, the major enzyme in the small intestine is lipase, and it is responsible for breaking down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

What is the primary functional difference between an origin and an insertion?

The origin is the fixed attachment, while the insertion moves with contraction.

What is the result when a person with A blood is given type B blood?

The red blood cells from the donated blood would clump or agglutinate. The anti-B antibodies in the A blood will attack the B blood, causing the clotting which can lead to death.

Taxonomy

The science of classification into ordered categories

Monkeys and humans share many of the same DNA sequences and have similar proteins. What does this indicate?

The two groups share a relatively recent common ancestor

Shared derived characters are:

Those that characterize all the species on a branch of a dichotomous phylogenetic tree

Muscles that move the shoulder girdle:

Trapezius, sternocleidomastoideus, pectoralis minor, subclavius

Phylogenetic systematics connects classification with evolutionary history.

True

Phylogenies are based on common ancestries inferred from fossil, morphological, and molecular (DNA) evidence.

True

binomial nomenclature

Two part Latinized naming system

Which of the following are more likely to be closely related: two species with similar appearances but very different gene sequences or two species with very different appearances but nearly identical genes? Explain.

Two species with very different appearances, but nearly identical genes are going to be more closely related because the evolved from the same common ancestor.

If the nucleotide sequence of one strand of DNA helix is ACGTAT, what would be the sequence on the mRNA strand?

UGCAUA

Molecular clock

Used to estimate the time since species branched from their common ancestor, help keep track of evolutionary time

Plants are separated into two main groups, vascular and nonvascular. What is the difference between plants who have vascular tissue and plants that do not? What is vascular tissue?

Vascular tissue includes the plants having veins in their leaves to transfer food and water. Plants that have vascular tissue have a xylem and phloem, while plants that are non-vascular do not.

A muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement is called:

a prime mover

primary curves

accommodation

At the hip joint to either side, the head of the femur articulates with the ______________.

acetabulum

Muscles of the shoulders, back, and neck (dorsal view)

acromiodeltoid latissimus dorsi spinodeltoid clavotrapezius acromiotrapezius spinotrapezius lumbodorsal fascia levator scapulae ventralis

The large posterior process on the scapula is the:

acromion process

The terms that describe the actions of the muscles that move the palm and fingers are:

adductor, abductor, extensor, flexor

adrenolumbar

adreno gland and lower back Phrenic - hundreds

Reduction in mineral content of the bony matrix is an example of a skeletal change related to ________.

age

prime mover

agonist

What happens in your alveoli?

allows oxygen to move in and carbon dioxide to move out

What enzyme is used to break down / digest carbohydrates?

amylase

oppose action of prime mover

antagonist

If an individual complains because of shin splints, the affected muscles are located over the:

anterior surface of the leg

Heart

aortic arch mediastinum pericardium

C1 and C2 have specific names, which are the

atlas and axis

The part of the skeletal system that forms the longitudinal axis of the body is the ____________ division.

axial

skullcap

calvaria

What is a glomerulus made of?

capilaries

A typical rib articulates with the vertebral column at the area of the rib called the _______________.

capitulum

Which one of the organic macromolecules has an -ose ending?

carbohydrate

What are the four macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

The medium, heart-shaped, flat face which serves as a facet for rib articulation on the thoracic vertebrae is called the __________.

centrum

The vertebrae that stabilize relative positions of the brain and spinal cord are the ____________ vertebrae

cervical

The term identifies the neck region of the body is ___________.

cervics

An enlarged pelvic outlet in the female is an adaptation for ____________.

child bearing

The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is the ______________.

clavicle

The bones of the pectoral girdle include:

clavicle and scapula

External Iliac

closer to surface -femoral - to leg -deep femoral - branches from femoral, above knee, goes deeper

What would provide the best data for determining the phylogenetic relationships of the three very similar species who are extinct?

comparison of the fossil record

The spinal curves that assist in allowing a child to walk and run are called ____________ curves.

compensation

The cartilaginous extensions that connect the ribs to the sternum are the __________ cartilages.

costal

The pelvic girdle consists of six bones collectively referred to as the _____________.

coxae

The part of the skull that provides protection for the brain is the ______________.

cranium

The major abductor of the arm is the _______________.

deltoid

Muscles that move the upper arm:

deltoid, teres major, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major

The muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities is the ______________.

diaphragm

respiratory movement

elevation of the rib cage

What tube takes food to the stomach?

esophagus

The muscles that are synergistic with the diaphragm during inspiration are the:

external intercostals

oculomotor muscles

eye position

What do your kidneys do?

filter the blood

Small intestine (jujunum and ileum) ____________ digesting and then absorbing.

finish

What is the duodenum?

first part of the small intestine

pectoralis major

flexes the arm

The biceps muscle makes a prominent bulge when:

flexing the forearm supinated

The most common functional role of the muscles of both the forearm and the upper leg involves the action of:

flexion and extension

The rectus muscles, which lie between the vertebral spines and the ventral midline, are important:

flexors of the spinal column

The last two pairs of ribs that do not articulate with the sternum are called ____________ ribs.

floating

At birth, the cranial bones are connected by areas of fibrous connective tissues called ________________.

fontanels

The opening that connects the cranial cavity with the canal enclosed by the spinal column is the ____________________.

foramen magnum

The axial skeleton can be recognized because it:

forms the longitudinal axis of the body

What is likely to leave a fossil?

freshwater snake human marine organism with a shell, such as a mussel vascular plant embedded in layers of mud

What two organs are connected to the duodenum?

gall bladder and bile duct

muscles of the lower leg

gastrocnemius soleus peroneus tibialis anterior flexor digitorum longus extensor digitorum longus achilles tendon

The scapula articulates with the proximal end of the humerus at the _________________.

glenoid fossa

What nucleic acid base always pairs with cytosine?

guanine

The process of the humerus that articulates with the scapula is the:

head

celiac-one branch, branches off in following order:

hepatic-to liver gastric-to stomach splenic-to spleen

pelvic girdle

hip bones

What do the parietal cells produce and what type of environment is created?

hydrochloric acid and acidic

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

hyoids

The bones of the pelvic girdle include:

ilium, pubis, ischium

fontanel

infant skull

The paired scroll-like bones located on each side of the nasal septum are the ____________________.

inferior concha

The movable attachment of muscle to bone or other connective tissue is referred to as the:

insertion

movable muscle attachment

insertion

All of our organ systems _______________ with one another.

interact

The popliteal ligaments are responsible for reinforcing the back of the _____________.

knee

patella

kneecap

The sutures that articulate the bones of the skull are:

lambdoidal, sagittal, coronal, squamosal

All of the nutrients absorbed in the blood will then to the _________ (by way of the portal system) where we decide what we are going to do with all the molecules.

liver

radius, ulna

lower arm bones

lumbar vertebrae

lower back

tibia, fibula

lower leg bones

The most massive and least mobile of the vertebrae are the:

lumbar

One of the major functional differences between the appendicular and axial divisions is that the appendicular division:

makes you an active, mobile individual

The process that the tibia and fibula have in common that acts as a shield for the ankle is the ____________.

malleolus

The single, unpaired bones that make up the skeletal part of the face are the:

mandible and vomer

The three components of the adult sternum are the:

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

The most powerful and important muscle used when chewing food is the

masseter

An undersized head caused by a cessation of brain enlargement and skull growth is called _______________.

microcephaly

How do we prevent digest our own stomach?

mucus

Irritants are flushed off the walls of the nasal cavities because of the presence of _________________.

mucus

tendon branches within muscles

multipennate

The bones of the skeleton provide an extensive surface area for the attachment of ______________.

muscles

How do we break down mechanically in our stomachs?

muscles churning

Muscles are classified functionally as synergists when:

muscles contract together and are coordinated in affecting a particular movement

cervical vertebrae

neck

Foramina, located on the bones of the skull, serve primarily as passageways for:

nerves and blood vessels

What is created when a pentose sugar is joined to a nitrogen-cotaining base and a phosphate group?

nucleotide

The bones of the cranium that exclusively represent single, unpaired bones are

occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

Related families are grouped together into the next-highest taxon called a:

order (Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species)

The stationary, immovable, or less movable attachment of a muscle is the __________.

origin

stationary muscle attachment

origin

The shape of the pelvic inlet in the female is:

oval to round

What will denature an enzyme?

pH changes Salt concentration changes Temperature changes

The airspaces connected to the nasal cavities are the _____________________ sinuses.

paranasal

air-filled chambers

paranasal sinuses

The paired bones of the cranium are:

parietal and temporal

The shoulder area and its component bones comprise a region referred to as the ______________.

pectoral girdle

Skeletal differences between males and females are usually identified axially on the skull and/or the appendicular aspects of the ____________.

pelvis

What is the enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach?

pepsin

If humans and pandas belong to the same class, they must also belong to the same:

phylum

The term that identifies the region of the body behind the knee is the _____________.

popliteus

The primary function of the pectoral girdle is to:

position the shoulder joint and provide a base for arm movement

craniosenosis

premature closure of fontanel

The actions that the arm muscles produce that are not evident in the action of the leg muscles are:

pronation and supination

Which one of the organic macromolecules has an -ase ending?

protein

Ventrally, the coxae are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage at the __________.

pubic symphysis

The amphiathrotic articulation which limits movements between the two pubic bones is the:

pubis symphysis

slender band of collagen fibers

raphe

Large intestine (colon): as the waste moves through, we are _____________ water and getting vitamins.

reclaiing

The large quadricep muscle that extends the leg and flexes the thigh is the ______________.

rectus femoris

Deep muscles of the thorax and shoulders (dorsal view)

rhombiodius major rhombiodius minor rhombiodius capitis supraspinatus infraspinatus teres major splenius

vertebrosternal ribs

ribs 1-7

vertebrochondral ribs

ribs 8-10

The muscular elements that provide substantial support for the loosely built shoulder joint are collectively referred to as the:

rotator cuff

support shoulder joint

rotator cuff

tailor's muscle

sartorius

muscles of the hindlimb - upper leg (ventral view)

sartorius gracilis adductor longus adductor femoris semimembranosus

The oblique series of muscles located between the vertebral spine and the ventral midline include:

scalenes, intercostals, obliques, transversus

The type of lever in which a small force can balance a larger weight is classified as a ______________ lever.

second-class

first-class lever

see-saw

sphenoid bone

sella turcica

pectoral girdle

shoulder bones

If you are engaging in an activity in which the action involves the use of levator scapulae you are:

shrugging your shoulders

The two specific areas of the skeleton that are generally used to identify significant differences between a male and female are :

skull and pelvis

What is unlikely to leave a fossil?

soft-bodied land organism, such as a slug

Circular muscles that guard entrances and exits of internal passageways are called ________________.

sphincters

What does amylase break down?

starch

What is used for energy storage in most plants?

starch

hyoid bone

stylohoid ligaments

The ulna and the radius both have long shafts that contain like processes called _____________ processes.

styloid

Bile salts, from the liver are stored in the gall bladder, will ___________ the lipids, emulsifying them.

surround

A muscle that assists the prime mover in performing a particular action is a _____________.

synergist

A major means of determining the medical history of a person is to examine the condition of the individual's ___________.

teeth

The carpal tunnels that are associated with the wrist bones are formed by the presence of:

tendon sheaths crossing the surface of the wrist

Dorsal view of the leg muscles

tensor fascia latae gluteus medius gluteus maximus caudofemoralis biceps femoris semitendionosus vastus lateralis rectus femoris vastus medialis

long and round muscles

teres

What is true of carbon?

tetrahedral in shape can form single, double, and triple bonds can form straight chains, branched chains, and rings very slightly electronegative

The two factors that interact to determine the effects of individual skeletal muscle contraction are:

the anatomical arrangement of the muscle fibers and the way the muscle attaches to the skeletal system

The axial skeleton creates a framework that supports and protects organ systems in:

the dorsal and ventral body cavities

A first class lever is one in which:

the fulcrum lies between the applied force and the resistance

When a muscle contracts and its fibers shorten:

the insertion moves toward the origin

The bones that make up the appendicular division of the skeleton consist of:

the pectoral and pelvic girdles, and the upper and lower limbs

When identifying the vertebra, a numerical shorthand is used such as C3. The C refers to:

the region of the vertebrae

The reason we use the word "bicep" to describe a particular muscle is:

there are two tendons of origin

The first seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs, while the lower five ribs are called false ribs because:

they do not attach directly to the sternum

The most common levers in the body are classified as ________________ levers.

third-class

The effect of an arrangement where a force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum illustrates the principles operating:

third-class levers

The vertebrae that indirectly effect changes in the volume of the rib cage are the

thoracic vertebrae

The skeleton of the chest or thorax consists of:

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sterum

The large medial bone of the lower leg is the

tibia

iliolumbar

to ilium of pelvis

Renal

to kidneys

Inferior mesenteric

to large intestine

Gonadal

to ovaries/testes

Intercostals

to ribs

Superior messenteric

to small intestine

caudal

to tail

What does the circulatory system do?

transports the blood throughout the body

Deep muscles of the thorax and shoulders (ventral view)

transverse costarum scalenus medius scalenus posterior serratus ventralis subscapularis

The parallel bones that support the forearm are the:

ulna and radius

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the __________________.

upper and lower extremities

Into what two main groups are animals separated?

vertebrae and non-vertabrae (invertebrae)

Median Sacral

very short segment -Internal iliac

nasal septum

vomer

second-class lever

wheelbarrow

Homeostasis

when everything works as it should

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which would be the best outgroup?

wolf

The radiocarpal articulations and the intercarpal articulations are responsible for the movements in the region of the _________.

wrist

carpals, tarsals

wrist and ankle bones

Is cellulose a polysaccharide that is a cell wall component?

yes

amylase

breakdown carbohydrates

Lipase

breakdown lipids

The general appearance of the pelvis of the female compared to the male is that the female pelvis is

broad, light, smooth

The two important skeletal elements that are generally used to determine sex and age are:

bone weight and bone markings

trypsin/chymotrypsin

breakdown amino acids

shoulder joint

ball and socket

An example of a parallel muscle with a central body or belly is the __________________.

biceps brachii

The filtrate moves down the ureter into the ____________.

bladder