AP Bio Final Exam 1
Evolved from a photo autotrophic prokaryote
A (chloroplast)
Which of the following best describes the process that adds a monosaccharide to an existing polysaccharide?
A specific enzyme removes the hydrogen (H) from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide (OH) from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two and creating a water (H2O) molecule.
An experiment to measure the rate of respiration in crickets and mice at 10oC and 25oC was performed using a respirometer, an apparatus that measures changes in gas volume. Respiration was measured in mL of O2 consumed per gram of organism over several five-minute trials and the following data were obtained.During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following?
A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas
The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions?
ATP and NADPH
An investigator wants to understand whether a newly found membrane protein is involved in membrane transport of a certain particle. Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport?
Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of the particle movement.
Which of the following best describes the numbered areas?
Areas 1 and 3 are polar, since the membrane molecules are aligned with water molecules.
A researcher claims that only a portion of the light energy captured by green plants is available for growth and repair. Which of the following observations best helps justify the researcher's claim?
As light energy is converted to chemical energy by metabolic processes, some of the energy is lost as heat.
Which statement describes how water is pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of the plant?
As water exits the leaf, hydrogen bonding between water molecules pulls more water up from below.
A researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants. Which of the following statements best supports the researcher's claim?
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds.
Site of glucose synthesis
B (mitochondria)
Figure 1 represents a segment of DNA. Radiation can damage the nucleotides in a DNA molecule. To repair some types of damage, a single nucleotide can be removed from a DNA molecule and replaced with an undamaged nucleotide. Which of the four labeled bonds in Figure 1 could be broken to remove and replace the cytosine nucleotide without affecting the biological information coded in the DNA molecule?
Bonds Y and Z at the same time
Which of the following best describes a structural similarity between the two molecules shown in Figure 1 that is relevant to their function?
Both molecules contain nucleotides that form base pairs with other nucleotides, which allows each molecule to act as a template in the synthesis of other nucleic acid molecules.
Which of the following would most likely occur if cattle lost the ability to maintain a colony of microorganisms in their digestive tract
Cattle would no longer be able to use cellulose as a primary source of glucose.
Stickleback fish are found in both marine and freshwater habitats. The marine fish have no scales but have hardened, armorlike plates along their sides. The plates are thought to protect sticklebacks from certain predators. In the late 1980s, sticklebacks from a marine population colonized Loberg Lake, a freshwater lake in Alaska. Starting in 1990, researchers sampled fish from the lake every four years and recorded the armor-plate phenotypes of the male sticklebacks in each sample. The armor-plate phenotypes were categorized as either complete (plates extending from head to tail), partial (plates extending from head to abdomen), or low (a few plates near the head only). The results are shown in the table below.Intact cells of two unknown cell types were placed into solutions with different concentrations of NaCl. Type I cells swelled and burst in the solution with the lowest concentration of NaCl. Type II cells swelled but did not burst in the solution with the lowest concentration of NaCl. Which of the following descriptions of cell type I and cell type II are most consistent with the data
Cell type 1: animal cell surrounded by plasma membrane only. Cell type 2: Plant cell surrounded by plasma membrane and cell wall.
A student wants to modify model 1 so that it represents an RNA double helix instead of a DNA double helix. Of the following possible changes, which would be most effective in making model 1 look more like RNA than DNA?
Changing the deoxyriboses to ribosomes by adding −OH groups
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is an enzyme that aids in the decomposition of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) into nontoxic substances. Methyl alcohol acts as a competitive inhibitor of ethyl alcohol by competing for the same active site on ADH. When attached to ADH, methyl alcohol is converted to formaldehyde, which is toxic in the body. Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the concentration of substrate (ethyl alcohol), while keeping the concentration of the inhibitor (methyl alcohol) constant?
Competitive inhibition will decrease because the proportion of the active sites occupied by substrate will increase.
Site of transport of materials into and out of the cell
D (cell membrane)
The diagram below shows energy changes in a specific chemical reaction with and without the addition of an enzyme to the reaction. Which of the following questions can best be answered by the diagram?
Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?
A scientist claims that Elysia chlorotica, a species of sea slug, is capable of photosynthesis. Which of the following observations provides the best evidence to support the claim?
Elysia chlorotica grows when exposed to light in the absence of other food sources.
In the first step of an experiment, rat liver cells were exposed for 5 minutes to amino acids labeled with a radioactive isotope. The cells were then washed to stop any further incorporation of radioactive amino acids. The cells were sampled periodically thereafter, and the radioactivity of a certain protein (protein X) was measured in various cell components, as shown below.
Endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi apparatus → lysosomes
Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process? (active transport of hydrogen ions through membrane protein)
H+ ions will stop moving through the protein.
Which of the following models best demonstrates the arrangement of hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules?
H-O-H--O<HH
Which of the following statements about mitochondrial chemiosmosis is NOT true?
Heat energy is required to establish the electron transport chain.
Cyanobacteria contain a variety of pigment molecules, as shown in Table 1. As a result, the color of cyanobacteria cultures can vary significantly based on the relative amount of each pigment produced. A researcher placed a culture of cyanobacteria under green lights. Within a few weeks, the appearance of the cyanobacteria changed from green to red. The researcher claimed the color change in the culture was the result of an adaptation allowing greater photosynthesis. Which of the following provides the best reasoning to justify the researcher's claim?
In green light, more phycoerythrin molecules are produced, allowing more green light to be absorbed, thus increasing photosynthesis
Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of substances across cell membranes?
Ions are unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the nonpolar tail regions of the phospholipids are hydrophobic.
Figure 1. A short segment of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule. Which of the following statements is correct about the molecule shown in Figure 1 ?
It is DNA because of the nature of the hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine.
Which of the following is a common feature of the illustrated reactions showing the linking of monomers to form macromolecules?
Monomers are joined by a covalent bond, and a water molecule is produced.
In chloroplasts, ATP is synthesized from ADP plus inorganic phosphate (Pi) in a reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase molecules that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. Which of the following statements provides evidence to support the claim that no ATP will be synthesized in the absence of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?
No ATP is synthesized when channel proteins that allow the free passage of protons are inserted into the thylakoid membrane
Which of the following describes a key difference among the 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins?
Some amino acids are hydrophobic.
Based on Figure 1, which of the following best compares the atomic structures of starch and cellulose?
Starch and cellulose are composed of repeating glucose monomers; however, in cellulose every other glucose monomer is rotated 180 degrees.
How might this change affect the structure and function of the protein?
The R-group of the new amino acid, valine, has different chemical properties than the R-group of cysteine. This will cause the protein to misfold and not function properly in the cell.
As shown in Figure 1, an amino acid must have which of the following properties in order to be incorporated into a polypeptide?
The ability to form a covalent bond with both its NH2 group and its COOH group
Cholesterol is an important component of animal cell membranes. Cholesterol molecules are often delivered to body cells by the blood, which transports the molecules in the form of cholesterol-protein complexes. The complexes must be moved into the body cells before the cholesterol molecules can be incorporated into the phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes. Based on the information presented, which of the following is the most likely explanation for a buildup of cholesterol molecules in the blood of an animal?
The animal's body cells are defective in endocytosis
Based on the information provided, which of the following statements best describes why starch and cellulose provide different functions in plants?
The differences in the assembly and organization of the monomers of these two polymers result in different chemical properties.
Based on the figure, which statement best describes the observed relationship between atmospheric CO2 enrichment and plant growth under ideal and stressed conditions?
The increase in atmospheric CO2 resulted in a greater increase in plant growth under ideal conditions than under stressed conditions.
A researcher designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental temperature on the function of an enzyme. For each trial included in the experiment, the researcher will add the enzyme and its substrate to an aqueous buffer solution and then measure the amount of product formed over 20 minutes. Which of the following must remain the same for all trials of this experiment?
The initial concentration of the substrate
Which feature of model 1 best illustrates how biological information is coded in a DNA molecule?
The linear sequence of the base pairs
The diagram above represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria?
The organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material.
Which of the following is the most likely reason for the difference in leaf growth?
The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required proteins and lipids, limiting growth.
Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of an enzyme?
The shape and charge of the substrates are compatible with the active site of the enzyme.
Which of the following best describes how the structure of ice benefits the organisms that live in the water below?
The water molecules in ice are farther apart than those in liquid water, so the ice floats, maintaining the warmer, denser water at the lake bottom.
In an experiment, cells were isolated from an aquatic plant and suspended in pond water, a sucrose sugar solution, or distilled water. All of the cells were then viewed under a microscope. Compared with the cell in the pond water, the cell in the sugar solution appeared shriveled, and the cell in the distilled water appeared inflated. The results of the experiment are represented in Figure 1.Which of the following statements best explains the observations represented in Figure 1 ?
There was a net movement of water out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of water into the cell suspended in the distilled water.
Organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have membranes that compartmentalize reactions and other metabolic processes. To function properly, the organelles must move substances across their membranes. Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?
They have highly folded membranes.
Which statement best describes the effect on water transport across the cell membrane if the aquaporin in the figure ceases to function?
Water molecules will still be able to move across the cell membrane but at a slower rate.
Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above?
Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?
When a substance moves across the plasma membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster than would be expected by simple diffusion alone but without the expenditure of metabolic energy, the process is best described as
facilitated diffusion
A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continues to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?
golgi complex
All of the following changes would be likely to decrease the rate of transpiration at 8 A.M. EXCEPT
increasing the water potential of the soil
ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms because
its energy can be easily transferred to do cellular work
All of the following cell components are found in prokaryotic cells EXCEPT
nuclear envelope
Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?
protein
During respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement o
protons down a concentration gradient
