AP Bio Final

Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. How many electrons are needed to complete the valence shell of a fluorine atom.

1

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

Burning of fossil fuels releases large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Approximately what proportion of this CO2 remains in the atmosphere, contributing to the trapping of heat close to the Earth's surface?

50%

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration? (Be careful)

60-64

How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?

2

Which component in the figure in a peripheral protein?

D

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the unique chemical properties or each element?

Each element has a unique number of protons

Which of the following is a requirement for a good scientific hypothesis?

It must lead to testable predicitions

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon from a molecule of pyruvate?

acetyl CoA

The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen-15 is heavier than nitrogen-14 because the atomic nucleus of nitrogen-15 contains how many neutrons?

8

Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity relationships between typical plant and animal cells and their respective environments?

Animal cells are generally in an isotonic solution, and plant cells are generally in a hypotonic solution.

A single-celled organism isolated from a deep-sea, hot thermal vent was found to have a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. This organism is most likely a member of which of the following domains?

Archaea

Living things are divided into three different domains. Which of these domains are classified as prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth?

Clycolysis is widespread and is found in the domain Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms.

Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms?

DNA structure and function

Which component in the figure is cholesterol?

E

Nitrogen (N) is much more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following statements about the atoms in ammonia (NH3) is correct?

Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge.

Why is glycolysis described as having an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase?

Early steps consume energy from NADH, and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH.

Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy?

Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O).

Following the activation of a receptor, which sequence below represents which components will be involved in signaling a pathway that utilizes the second method of cAMP?

G protein--adenyl cyclase--cAMP--protein kinase

Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following was Charles Darwin's most significant original contribution to understanding both the unity and diversity of life?

He proposed a mechanism to explain the process of evolution.

Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?

Hundreds of cultures of a unicellular alga are incubated in the presence of light, and in all of the samples the cells congregate on the side of the culture toward the light. Therefore, the alga is phototactic

Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?

If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it.

Which of the following statements about diffusion is correct?

It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration

Which of the following correctly describes the forms by which energy flows through an ecosystem from entry to exit?

Light to chemical to heat

In her studies of chimpanzee behavior, Jane Goodall collected bot qualitative and quantitative data. Which of the following is an example of quantitative date?

Mothers and infants typically nap for two to three hours each afternoon

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is true?

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis.

During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the highest energy level?

NADH

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

NADH and pyruvate

Which of the following is the best description of a control for an experiment?

The control group is matched with the experimental group except for the one experimental variable.

Which of the following is the first event that occurs following the binding of a ligand by a membrane receptor protein?

The membrane receptor protein undergoes a conformational change

A mutation in yeast makes it unable to convert pyruvate to ethanol. How will this mutation affect these yeast cells?

The mutant yeast will be unable to grow anaerobically.

The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen?

The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 7

Which of the following is true of integral membrane proteins

They are usually transmembrane proteins

According to the fluid mosaic membrane model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids?

They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high-energy foods?

They have a large number of electrons associated with hydrogen

Why are lipids and proteins free to move laterally in membranes?

Weak hyrdophobic interactions in the interior of the membrane are easily disrupted

All of the organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem are known as

a biological community

The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

a hydrogen bond

The process of science involves testing which of the following?

a hypothesis

An integral membrane protein would have to be

amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic reigon

All of the living things in a particular area along with all of the nonliving aspects of the environment with which organisms interact is known as

an ecosystem

Which of these individuals is likely to be successful in an evolutionary sense?

an organism that dies after five days of life but leaves ten offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce.

Which of the following types of cells lack a nucleus?

archaea

The mechanism by which testosterone alters cell functions is by

binding to a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activated specific

Which of the following represents the correct hierarchy of biological organization from large-scale to smaller scale?

biosphere--ecosystems--populations--communities--organisms

About 20-25% of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules are known as

catabolic pathways

Motor proteins provide for molecular transport of materials in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?

cellulose fibers in the cell wall

Proteins that allow the diffusion of ions across membranes in the direction of their concentration gradients are more likely

channel proteins

Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight

chemical energy

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all componenets found in

chloroplasts

Inside and active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?

citric acid cycle--NADH--electron transport chain--oxygen

Signals from the ECM to the cytoskeleton may be transmitted by

collagen

The fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposed that membranes

consist of protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

In animal cells, glycolysis occurs in the

cytosol.

Darwin's finches, collected from the Galapagos Islands, illustrate which of the following?

descent with modification

Intermediate filaments attach which of the following structures in the plasma membrane?

desmosomes

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved

endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger host cell--the endosymbiosis turned into mitochondria

Transport of potassium ions into an animal cell by the sodium-potassium pump requires

energy from ATP

Yeast cells with defective mitochondria are incapabale of cellular respiration. These cells will be able to grow by catabolizing which of the following carbon sources for energy?

glucose

Which of the following indicated a primary path by which electrons travel downhill energetically during aerobic respiration?

glucose--NADH--electron transport chain--oxygen

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

glycolysis

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or absent?

glycolysis

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis and fermentation

Which catabolic processes may have been used by cells on ancient Earth before free oxygen became available?

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen

Which of the following constitutes a controlled experiment?

growing one set of seedlings under white light and one set of the same type of seedling under red light and measuring their growth over a period of 2 weeks

Charles Darwin proposes that "descent with modification" resulted when organisms of a particular species became adapted to their environment because they possess

heritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment.

Sutherland discovered that the signaling molecule epinephnine

increases concentrations of cyclic AMP in the cytoplasm

Where in mitochondria is the enzyme ATP synthase localized?

inner membrane

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

inner mitochondrial membrane

Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrae?

iodine

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?

it exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule

Water passes quickly through cell membranes because

it moves through aquaporin channel proteins

A controlled experiment is one that

keeps all variables constant

The primary source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is

light energy

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reducing agent

loses electrons and loses potential energy

The sodium-potassium pump generates the following concentration gradients across the plasma membrane

low [Na+] and high [K+] inside the cell and high [Na+] and low [K+] on the outisde

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. In animal cells, which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes?

lysosomes

A primary function of polysaccharides attached to glycoproteins and glycolipis of a membrane is to

mediate cell-to-cell recognition

What is the voltage across a membrane called

membrane potential

Which structure-function pair is mismatched?

microtubule; muscle contraction

Which of the following will be found in nearly all eukaryotic cells?

mitochondria

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

mitochondrion

Which of the following membrane activites requires energy from ATP hydrolysis

movement of sodium ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid

Over time, the lineage that led to modern whales shows a change from four-limbed land animals to aquatic animals with two limbs that function as flippers. This change is best explained by

natural selection

When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form

nonpolar covalent bonds

A double membrane encloses which of the following organelles

nuclei and chloroplasts

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of fungi?

obtaining nutrients by absorbing them from the environment

In an animal cell, DNA ma be found

only in the nucleus and mitochondira

Membrane-enclosed components of cells that carry out specialized functions are

organelles

A covalent chemical bond is one in which

outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to occupy the outer electron shells of both atoms

Carbon dioxide is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

Which of the following occurs in mitochondria?

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

Which of the following tend to lack hydrophobic regions on their surface

peripheral proteins

Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?

peroxisome

The primary structural components of the cell membrane are

phospholipids and proteins

All of the individuals of the same species living within a specified area is known as a

population

Which of the following statements correctly describes function of the Golgi apparatus?

protein modification and sorting

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

proteins

From the atomic mass, one can deduce the number of ____________ in each atom of an element.

protons plus neutrons

The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it

pumps electrons across the plasma membrane

Investigating the molecular structure of DNA in order to understand the chemical basis of inheritance is an example of which approach utilized in the study of biology?

reductionism

In general, a signal transmitted via a phosphorylation cascade

results in a conformational change in each phosphorylated protein

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins destined for export from the cell?

rough ER

Which of the following correctly describes the pathways taken by a protein destined for secretion from an animal cell?

rough ER--transport vesicle--Golgi--trasnport vesicle--plasma membrane

Vinblastine, a drug that inhabits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to

separate chromosomes during cell division

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

serve as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water

When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway?

signal molecule

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily

small hydrophobic

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?

smooth ER

Which type of organelles or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The ATP produced in glycolysis is generated by

substrate-level phosphorylation

All of the living things on Earth along with all of the places where life exists is known as

the biosphere

Strong evidence in support of the common ancestry of all life comes from

the existence of a nearly universal genetic code

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be defective in this condition?

the lysosome

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells is

the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A controlled experiment is one in which

there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment

Passive movement of fluids and bacteria from the interior of the small intestine through the space between cells of the intestinal wall can cause serious infection and medical complications. Defects in which of the following would be associated with such a condition?

tight junctions

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced.

One difference between carbon-12 and carbon-14 is that carbon-14 has

two more neutrons than carbon-12

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

vacuole