ap bio quiz 7.1-7.3

The phenotypic variation in behavior between the two populations can best be described as resulting from A sexual selection B natural selection C artificial selection D genetic drift

C artificial selection

Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following best describes the concept illustrated? A Parental pairs with a specific beak depth had the highest reproductive fitness. B Parental pairs with a specific beak depth ate the most nutritious seeds. C Finches with a certain beak depth rarely find mates. D Increasing average beak depth results in increasing finch fitness.

A Parental pairs with a specific beak depth had the highest reproductive fitness.

Many species of corals are threatened by the increasing temperatures and decreasing pH of ocean waters. One species, Stylophora pistillata, has been found to thrive in water that is warmer and has a lower pH than the water that corals typically thrive in. Additionally, researchers have found that the tolerance for the new water conditions is heritable. Which of the following statements best explains the changes seen in S. pistillata in response to the changing water conditions? A The corals' adaptation is an example of natural selection because the tolerance is in response to a changing environment and has a genetic basis. B The corals' adaptation is an example of the founder effect because the majority of corals do not have a tolerance for warmer water. C The corals' adaptation is an example of genetic drift because the change was a chance event and not the result of selection in response to environmental change. D The corals' adaptation is an example of adaptive radiation because it has resulted in a wide range of species adapting to the new ocean conditions

A The corals' adaptation is an example of natural selection because the tolerance is in response to a changing environment and has a genetic basis.

A current challenge for doctors involves the bacterial strain Clostridioides difficile, which no longer responds to traditional antibiotic treatments. Which of the following best explains why this particular strain of bacteria is resistant to antibiotic treatment? A Mutations creating new alleles occur more frequently in this species of bacteria than in other species. B The bacteria have high genetic variability and high reproductive rates. C Crossing over during meiosis increased genetic variability in the bacteria. D The bacteria are able to recognize and destroy the antibiotics by breaking them down extracellularly.

B The bacteria have high genetic variability and high reproductive rates.

Based on the information in Table 1, which of the following statements best describes the production of nearly identical AFGPsAFGPs in these two species of fish? A The fish eat the same type of food, which resulted in the evolution of similar digestive proteins. B The fish live in environments with similar selective pressures, and those that produce AFGPsAFGPs are better able to survive. C The Antarctic fish species evolved into a separate species after being geographically isolated from the Arctic population because of commercial fishing. D The production of similar AFGPsAFGPs was due to random splicing of exons in both species.

B The fish live in environments with similar selective pressures, and those that produce AFGPsAFGPs are better able to survive.

Which of the following best explains the directional shift in beak length in these birds? A Longer beaks allow the birds to better fend off predators. B Longer beaks increase the fitness of the birds in wild habitats. C Longer beaks allow the birds to better access seeds in bird feeders. D Longer beaks decrease the fitness of the birds in wild habitats.

C Longer beaks allow the birds to better access seeds in bird feeders.

Which of the following best explains why the brown-feathered phenotype in tawny owls has increased over the past 28 years? A Since the brown genotype is dominant, it will eventually eliminate the recessive gray genotype from the population. B Darker feather color in tawny owls makes them less visible to predators as they sit in the trees. C With milder winters, the advantage of gray feathers that blend into a snowy environment has decreased. D The directional selection toward a darker phenotype is random and likely due to a bottleneck event.

C With milder winters, the advantage of gray feathers that blend into a snowy environment has decreased.

Sugar gliders and Northern flying squirrels are mammals that have many morphological similarities despite being genetically different. Both are nocturnal and have large eyes to help them see in the dark. Both live in trees and have flaps of skin connecting their front and back legs, and when their front and back legs are extended, the flaps allow the animals to glide from one tree branch to another. Sugar gliders are native to Australia, and Northern flying squirrels are native to North America. Which of the following best explains the morphological similarities between these two species? A The similarities in traits indicate the species are the result of divergent evolution from a common ancestor that had the same traits that these two species share. B The traits evolved through sympatric speciation, which often results in species being highly similar because they evolve in the same area. C The two species evolved as the result of two separate bottleneck events that reduced the existing populations to a few individuals who happened to have the same traits. D The similarities between the species evolved independently as a result of similar selective pressures in each species' environment.

D The similarities between the species evolved independently as a result of similar selective pressures in each species' environment.

Which of the following best describes the process responsible for the change in the percent of tuskless female elephants in the Gorongosa National Park population shown in Figure 1 ? A Human hunting of elephants with tusks between 1977 and 1992. B Sexual selection for females without tusks between 1977 and 1992. C Tusklessness in female elephants is a dominant trait that is only expressed in females. D After 1992, female elephants from neighboring populations merged, with the population in the park adding more tuskless individuals to the population.

A Human hunting of elephants with tusks between 1977 and 1992.

Poaching is the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals. Both male and female African elephants have tusks that are a significant source of ivory used for ornaments and jewelry. Assuming that the size of the tusks is heritable, which of the following is the most likely long-term effect of poachers targeting African elephants with large tusks? A An increase in average tusk size because of the need to provide more ivory for the poaching hunters B A decrease in average tusk size because elephants with large tusks are less likely to survive to reproduce C An increase in average tusk size to provide the elephants with a defensive mechanism against poachers D A decrease in average tusk size to reduce the energy investment in the tusks

B A decrease in average tusk size because elephants with large tusks are less likely to survive to reproduce

Pesticides are chemicals that are often sprayed on crops to kill plant-eating insects, preventing damage to the crops. While pesticides are effective initially, many researchers claim that any single pesticide will see reduced effectiveness in as little as ten to fifteen years. Which of the following best supports the claim by scientists that the pesticides will eventually lose their effectiveness? A Insects will evolve to avoid any plant sprayed with pesticides to increase their chances of survival. B Insects that are naturally resistant to the pesticide will survive and reproduce more than the insects that are sensitive to the pesticide. C The insects will build up a tolerance to the pesticides, and eventually the pesticide will not affect them. D The pesticides will increase the mutation rate in the insects, resulting in higher genetic diversity and higher survival rate.

B Insects that are naturally resistant to the pesticide will survive and reproduce more than the insects that are sensitive to the pesticide.

Based on the information provided, which of the following best describes the source of the rapid increase in milk production from 1976 to 2015 ? A From the 1970s to the early 2000s, dairy cows were not used for beef production. B Starting in the 1970s, farmers increased the selective breeding of cows and bulls for offspring that produced more milk. C Reproduction rates in cows and bulls increased significantly in the 1970s. D Cows were healthier after the 1970s, so they lived longer and produced more milk during their lifetime.

B Starting in the 1970s, farmers increased the selective breeding of cows and bulls for offspring that produced more milk.

Which of the following processes is most consistent with the differences in the amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 ? A Each host transcribes and translates this gene differently. B S. aureus develops a mutualistic relationship with each host species. C Changes in amino acid sequence are unrelated to protein function. D Each strain is best adapted to a specific host species.

D Each strain is best adapted to a specific host species.

While there is only one species of Galápagos Island tortoise, there are several subspecies. Larger islands with more wet highlands have lush vegetation near the ground. Tortoises there tend to have high-domed shells and shorter necks, which restrict upward head movement. They also have shorter limbs. They are the heaviest and largest of the subspecies. Smaller, drier islands are inhabited by tortoises with longer necks and limbs and with shells that are elevated above the neck, which allow them to browse taller vegetation. Based on the information given, which of the following is a plausible explanation for the ancestry of the tortoise subspecies? A The subspecies share a recent common ancestor whose neck length, shell shape, and leg length were intermediate between the two subspecies. B The tortoises with shorter legs and necks were most easily preyed on as young animals by the rats that were introduced, so they survived only on a few islands. C Random mutations coupled with the inheritance of acquired characteristics resulted in distinct subspecies. D Individuals with different adaptations in shell shape and leg length best exploited the food resources and left more surviving offspring on each island.

D Individuals with different adaptations in shell shape and leg length best exploited the food resources and left more surviving offspring on each island.