AP bio test
what are two types of electron carriers in cellular respiration
(NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
at the end of glycolysis, the carbon molecules originally found in the starting glucose molecule are in the form of
2 pyruvate molecules
the transformation of energy is associated with an increase in disorder of the universe
2nd law of thermodynamics
when did life originate on Earth
3.5 billion years ago
How many total ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose at the end of cellular respiration
36
in cells the energy available in food is used to make a compound that supplies energy for all of the chemical reactions in cells. This compound is called...
ATP
which products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are required by reactions of the Calvin cycle
ATP and NADPH
An enzyme that spins when hydrogen ions pass through it
ATP synthase
remember this order...
B A A B A A
remember this order
B C A D
Equation for aerobic cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> ATP + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
describe how plants absorb photons of light energy
Plants absorb photons of light energy through pigments
reactions in which a molecule loses electrons and releases energy
oxidation
A set of chemical reactions that occurs by passing electrons along ab electron transport chain to oxygen, pumping protons across a membrane, and using the proton electrochemical gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
In cellular respiration, glucose is
oxidized
identify the molecule that is the terminal electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain in aerobic cellular respiration
oxygen
in plants and algae, which is a product of photosynthesis
oxygen
which isn't a product of cellular respiration
oxygen gas
a particle of light
photon
which statement correctly describes the production of carbs by photosynthesis
photosynthesis production of carbs requires energy input in the form of light energy which is converted into chemical energy stored in sugars
a molecule that absorbs sunlight energy
pigment
stored energy such as energy stored within chemical bonds
potential energy
In the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis, NADP+ is
reduced
reactions in which a molecule gains both electrons and energy
reduction
the ATP molecule contains
ribose
in the chloroplasts of plant cells, the synthesis of carbs takes place in the
stroma
photosynthesis is the pathway used to synthesize carbs from
sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
ATP consists of
three phosphate groups
saclike body in chloroplasts made of photosynthetic membranes that contain photosystems (pigments and proteins)
thylakoid
where is the photosynthesis electron transport chain located in plant cells
thylakoid membrane
which organelle contains chlorophyll
thylakoids in the chloroplast
during photosynthesis, which molecule is oxidized
water
in plants and algae, what is the source of electrons needed for photosynthesis
water
what happens to the amount of energy of light as its wavelength shortens or decreases
when a wavelength shortens the frequency and energy increases
where does most of the oxygen in the atmosphere come from
when water molecules are split during light dependent reactions,
T or F... ATP releases energy when the outermost phosphate group is removed to form ADP
True
List three parts to an ATP molecule
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups
List the two types of fermentation
alcoholic and lactic acid
dehydration synthesis reactions
anabolic
endergonic reactions
anabolic
photosynthesis
anabolic
Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic; absence of oxygen
which type of organism was the first to perform photosynthesis
cytobacteria
glycolysis takes place in the
cytoplasm
which of the following processes most directly generates the greatest amount of ATP
electrons transport chain
A nonspontaneous reaction with +(triangle)G; an input of energy is required for the reaction to occur
endergonic
a process in which a spontaneous reaction drives a non-spontaneous reaction
energetic coupling
A spontaneous reaction with -(triangle)G; is released
exergonic
T or F... Plants can only do photosynthesis; they can't perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration
false
releases energy from food (sugar) molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce ATP
fermentation
energy is neither created nor destroyed
first law of thermodynamics
In cellular respiration, oxygen
gains electrons and is reduced
identify the molecule that contains the most chemical energy
glucose
What raw materials or reactants are needed for cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen
The 4 steps of cellular respiration in order are
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
the color of light that is the least useful for photosynthesis
green
in eukaryotes the electron transport chain in cellular respiration is located in the
intermembrane of mitochondria
which best describes the role of the electron transport chain in the generation of ATP during respiration
it generates a proton gradient to power ATP production
which statement is true regarding a molecule that is oxidized
it loses electrons
energy of motion, such as the energy from molecules moving within a gas
kinetic energy
which statement best explains the role of light energy in the Calvin cycle
light energy enables the production of NADPH and ATP that are required for the Calvin cycle
a series of chemical reactions in which molecules are broken down or built up
metabolic pathway
the entire set of chemical reactions that sustain life is called
metabolism
In eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle take place in the
mitochondrial matrix
the movement of ions such as hydrogen ions (H+), from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
the principal pigment in plants that captures sunlight energy is
chlorophyll
what happens to energy not used by cells to do work
convert to ATP
The amount of energy available to do work is called
Gibbs free energy
Does fermentation produce more or less ATP molecules
Less
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
calorie
during photosynthesis in plants and algae, what molecule is reduced?
carbon dioxide
identify the source from which plants obtain the molecules that make up most of their biomass
carbon dioxide in the air
cellular respiration
catabolic
exergonic reaction
catabolic
hydrolysis
catabolic
cellular respiration is a series of
catabolic reactions
The food in your lunch is broken down into smaller molecules in your gastrointestinal tract
catabolism