Ap Bio Unit 6 Questions

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Why is redundancy in the genetic code important?

-universal to all life - multiple codons for one amino acid

List and describe the steps of transcription

1. DNA unzips the gene 2. complementary bases bond to make mRNA 3. mRNA is released 4. DNA zips back up

List 3 differences between DNA and RNA

1.) different sugars: deoxyribose for DNA, ribose for RNA 2.) double stranded (DNA) vs. single stranded (RNA) 3.) DNA contains thymine, RNA contains uracil; both pair with adenine

The DNA from a certain plant species is analyzed. The DNA contains 22% thyme. Determine the percent of the other bases.

22% adenine 78% guanine and cytosine

What does it mean that DNA strands are antiparallel?

3 to 5 and 5 to 3

A section of the template strand of DNA reads: 5-CAACACATAA-3 Determine the mRNA sequence and translate it

3'- GUUGUGAUU -5' and Valine, Valine, Isoleucine

If one DNA strand reads 3 ACTAG 5 what would the complementary look like?

5 TGATC 3

Describe the consequences of a chemical that prevents the 5 cap poly-a-tail from forming on eukaryotic mRNA

5cap: modified guanine added to 5 end

What does it mean if a gene/ trait is "evolutionarily conserved"

A gene that has remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution.

What does it mean that DNA strands are antiparallel and complementary? Draw a strand of DNA is strand with 6 nucleotides to support your answer

A term used to describe the opposite orientations of the two strands of a DNA double helix; the 5' end of one strand aligns with the 3' end of the other strand.

Mutations can be detrimental, beneficial, or neutral. Give an example where it is beneficial

An example is a mutation that confers antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Other mutations are harmful and decrease fitness, such as the mutations that cause genetic disorders or cancers

How can mutations lead to natural selection

Any time mutations occur, they are subject to natural selection. Genetic changes can sometimes enhance the survival and reproduction of an organism.

An mRNA sequence reads 5-CGUAGCAGA 3 translate the sequence

Arginine, Cysteine, Arginine

If one bacterial cell has a gene that is promoting its survival, explain how other bacterial cells can benefit from it

Conjugation is a process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another bacterium through direct contact. During conjugation, one of the bacterial cells serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient.

Create your own DNA sequence of 9 nucleotides. Determine the corresponding mRNA sequence and the three amino acids code for. Using the example you created now insert one nucleotide near the beginning of the DNA sequence and show what happens to the resulting mRNA sequence and the amino acids it code for

Create your own DNA sequence of 9 nucleotides. Determine the corresponding mRNA sequence and the three amino acids code for. Using the example you created now insert one nucleotide near the beginning of the DNA sequence and show what happens to the resulting mRNA sequence and the amino acids it code for

Draw a Venn diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

Draw a Venn diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

If the tRNA anticodon reads 3 CUU 5 then what does the mRNAQ codon read that it can bind to? knowing this what amino acid will the tRNA be carrying?

GAA; glutamic acid

Differentiate between histone acetylation and DNA methylation

Histone acetylation adds acetyl groups to histones, which loosens the DNA while DNA methylation adds methyl groups to DNA, which causes the chromatin to condense

Describe how it is possible for only one identical twin to express an inherited disease

Identical twins can be genetically different, which could explain why they do not always share disorders such as schizophrenia or autism, according to a study published in March in PLoS One. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg, and so start out with the same genetic information from each parent.

When some people hear apoptosis they think that this is a bad thing that cells go through. Provide one example that illustrates the importance

If apoptosis did not occur during the development of human hands and feet then we would be born with webbed fingers and toes.

In reference to question 2 what would happen if you then add lactose to the medium

If we add lactose to the growth medium, the lac operon remains "off", with the cell continuing to utilize glucose. When the glucose is gone, however, the lac operon turns "on" and synthesizes the enzymes needed for the cell to use the lactose as a carbon source.

Errors in DNA replication can lead to natural selection. Why? Would natural selection still occur if all errors were corrected? Why or why not?

Once such mistakes are established, the cell no longer recognizes them as errors. Natural selection can occur without leading to evolution if differences among individuals are not genetically based.

Identify the major classes of macromolecules and then identify their monomers and polymers

Proteins (polymers of amino acids) Carbohydrates (polymers of sugars) Lipids (polymers of lipid monomers) Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA; polymers of nucleotides)

Differentiate between purines and pyrimidines.

Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine

What are restriction enzymes? Where do they come from

Restriction enzymes are proteins made by many bacterial species, to defend against viral infections.

Differentiate between silent, missense, and nonsense mutations

Silent mutations still code for the same amino acid, missense codes for a different amino acid, and nonsense results in a stop codon. The most detrimental would be nonsense because it would completely stop the production.

During gel electrophoresis, which size of DNA will move the furthest? Why?

Small DNA molecules move more quickly through the gel than larger DNA molecules.

If an error occurs in DNA replication, how is it fixed

Some of the mistakes are corrected immediately during replication through a process known as proofreading, and some are corrected after replication in a process called mismatch repair

Describe the mutation that causes cystic fibrosis

The F508del mutation is a small scale mutation because of the deletion of the three base pairs

How can PCR be used to produce copies of a gene

The denaturing of DNA separates the DNA into two single-stranded DNA, then the annealing allows for the DNA primers to attach to the template DNA, and the extending step allows for the Taq polymerase makes new strands of DNA and the three steps

Is the DNA positively or negatively charged? How could you tell just by looking at a strand of DNA

The phosphate backbone of DNA is negatively charged due to the bonds created between the phosphorous atoms and the oxygen atoms. Each phosphate group contains one negatively charged oxygen atom, therefore the entire strand of DNA is negatively charged due to repeated phosphate groups

Describe the Meselson and Stahl experiment that supported the semi-conservative model of DNA replication

The presence of one parental subunit for each daughter DNA double helix supported semi-conservative replication. The third conclusion made by Meselson and Stahl stated that for every parental DNA molecule, two new molecules were made. Therefore, the amount of DNA after each replication increased by a factor of two.

Describe transformation. Are all bacteria competent

Transformation is the uptaking of DNA from a nearby cell and not all bacteria are competent.

Summarize the purpose of translation in 1-2 sentences

Translation is the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA(mRNA). The mRNA is made by copying DNA, and the information it carries tells the cell how to link amino acids together to form proteins.

If a bacterial cell grown in a nutrient rich, lactose free medium, what would you expect to see at the lac operon

When lactose is absent the lac operon is switched off. This is becasue a repressor protein is produced which binds to the operator region. This prevetns RNA polymerase from binding to the operon and therefore prevents transcription of the structual genes.

Differentiate between a repressible and inducible operon

a repressible operon stops transcription while an inducible operon starts transcription

The very first tRNA will enter at which site on the ribosome (A, P, or E)

a site

Referring to question 3, which amino acid does this tRNA carry

aug

How does gel electrophoresis separate DNA fragments

by size

Fill in the blank: the mRNA nucleotide triplets are called __. These code for __ __

codons, amino acids

Why does DNA move during gel electrophoresis

gel elctrophoresis

Fill in the blank: tRNA has an __ region which is complementary and antiparallel to ___

mrna

Circle the correct option: substitutions are small/ large scale mutations

small

When does translation stop

stop codon enters a site

T or F: only the template strand of DNA is transcribed during transcription

t

Describe step-by- step how DNA is replicated

the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment. During separation, the two strands of the DNA double helix uncoil at a specific location called the origin.

Describe the process transduction

the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. Viruses called bacteriophages are able to infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts to make more viruses.

Describe the process of conjugation

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient. The donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor, or F-factor.

After fertilization a zygote forms. The cells then go through mitosis. Explain how this bundle of cells eventually forms a human with specialized cells

the process of differentiation produces cells that are specialized to perform specific functions. For example, one cell may become a muscle cell whose function is to shorten or lengthen to allow movement.

What role do cytoplasm determinants play in early embryonic development

they are responsible for the regulation of gene expression in the early development of the embryo

In which direction does DNA move during gel electrophoresis

towards positive electrode

Fill in the blanks: protein synthesis occurs in two stages ___ and __

transcription and translation

How does transcription and translation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

transcription and translation occurs simultaneously in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes the RNA is first transcribed in the nucleus and then translated in the cytoplasm

Circle the correct option: microRNAs and siRNAs block transcription/translation

translation

T or F: morphogenesis is the process that gives an organism its shape

true

True or False: plasmids replicate separately from chromosomal DNA

true

If a bacterial cell uses up its tryptophan storage, what would happen to the trp operon

turned off or repressed

Using a codon chart determine what UAU codes for?

tyrosine

If a bacterial cell does not need tryptophan and it builds up inside of the cell what would happen to trp operon

will no longer require transcription of the tryptophan operon. In the above case, the regulation of the tryptophan operon in cells which express a mutant form of the tryptophan repressor that cannot bind to DNA - the genes would be continuously activated

Can a transformed organism pass on its new traits to its offspring

The experimenters would be able to make immediate modifications to the lab procedure, in order to get the desired results. It would also enable one to move onto the next stages of the experiment, instead of wasting time waiting for the organism to reproduce. If an organism that reproduced slowly were used, it would take a greater amount of time to observe the results of the experiment.

Where does translation occur?

cytoplasm

T or F: the genetic code is read in groups of two nucleotides at a time called the doublet code

f, groups of 3

What would be the immediate effect to transcription if a region

hat would be the immediate effect to transcription if a region

What functional group defines 3 end of DNA?

hydroxyl group

What if you were preforming gel electrophoresis and the morlecule you were examinging moved towards the negative electrode? What does this mean about the change of the moelcule you are analyzing

if the electrodes were plugged into the wrong outlets the DNA would move in the opposite direction, causing it to go right off the gel.

Circle the correct item: the lac operon is repressible/ inducible

inducible

If a bacterial cell has a mutation to the trp repressor that changes shape of the active site, how would this affect the production or tryptophan

it would change the function

What are the two reproduction cycles of bacteriophages? Describe each

lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (temperate).

What is the center of DNA composed of?

nucleotide pairings

In eukaryotic cells where does transcription occur

nucleus

Fill in the blank: A change in an organism's genotype can cause a change in the organism's ___

phenotype

What is the backbone of DNA?

phosphate and sugar

What functional group defines 5 end of DNA?

phosphate group

What is a promoter region? Are promoter regions upstream or downstream of the gene?

promoter is a region of DNA where RNA polymerase begins to transcribe a gene, upstream

What are the three parts of an operon

promoter, operator, structural genes

Circle the correct item: the trp operon is repressible/ inducible

repressible

Fill in the blanks: the process of __ converts DNA to RNA. The process of ___ turns RNA into proteins

rna polymerase, transcription

Trace the path of a newly produced polypeptide that will leave the cell

rough ER → Golgi → secretory vesicles → cell exterior

In which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replicate

s phase

Referring to the question 3, what is the codon that ht e tRNA binds to

tac


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