AP Bio
Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate level phosphorylation
1
How many molecules of carbon dioxide would be produced by five turns of the citric acid cycle?
10
Substrate level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis
100%
For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced?
12
How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?
2
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate
2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced
Assume a mitochondrion contains 58 NADH and 19 FADH2. If each of the 77 dinucleotides were used, approximately how many ATP molecules could be generated as a result of oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)?"
212
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the net products of glycolysis are
2NADH, 2H+, 2 pyruvate, 2ATP, and 2H20
Starting with citrate, which of the following combinations of products would result from three turns of the citric acid cycle?
3 ATP, 6CO2, 9 NADH, and 3FADH2
Recall that the complete oxidation of a mole of glucose releases 686 kcal of energy. The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores approximately 7.3 kcal per mole of ATP. What is the approximate efficiency of cellular respiration for a "mutant" organism that produces only 29 moles of ATP for every mole of glucose oxidized, rather than the usual 36-38 moles of ATP?
30%
How many reduced dinucleotides would be produced with four turns of the citric acid cycle?
4 FADH2 and 8 NADH
Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water in cellular respiration?
40%
Each time a molecule of glucose is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules are required?
6
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose in cellular respiration
76
Which of the following couples chemiosmosis to energy storage?
ATP synthase
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of
ATP, CO2, and ethanol
What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?
Breakdown of fatty acids
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction: C6H12O6 +6O2 --> 6CO2 +6H2O +Energy
C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is released
This process uses the proton gradient created by the movement of electrons to form ATP.
Chemiosmosis
Which of the following processes occurs in both respiration and photosynthesis?
Chemiosmosis
Which of the following most accurately describes what is happening along this chain? LMFAO THERES NO PIC OF A CHAIN THIS DUMB BITCH!!! IM DEADDDD
Each electron carrier alternates between being reduced and being oxidized
During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?
FADH2
Which of the following describes the sequence of electron carriers in the electron transport chain, starting with the lease electronegative?
FMN, FE.S, ubiquinone, cytochromes (Cyt)
Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen is present?
Glycolysis
Which statement is incorrect?
Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria
A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. They discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition.
His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane
An organism is discovered that consumes a considerable amount of sugar, yet does not gain as much weight when denied air. Curiously, the consumption of sugar increases as air is removed from the organism's environment, but the organism seems to thrive even in the absence of air. When returned to normal air, the organism does fine. Which of the following best describes the organism?
It is a facultative anaerobe
You have a friend that lost weight on a low card diet. How did the fat leave their body?
It was released as CO2 and H2O
This reaction occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and includes FADH2 among its products.
Krebs Cycle
This reaction is performed to recycle NAD+ needed for efficient respiration.
Lactic acid fermentation
What is the cause of the cramps you feel in your muscles during strenuous exercise?
Lactic acid fermentation
Which of the following describes NAD+?
NAD+ is reduced to NADh during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
NADH and pyruvate
This process includes the reactions that use NADH and FADH2 to product ATP.
Oxadative phosphorylation
Most of the ATP creation during respiration occurs as a result of what driving force?
Protons moving down a concentration gradient
The accompanying figure shows the electron transport chain. Which off the following is the combination of substances that is initially added to the chain?
WHO KNOWS LMAO CAUSE THERES NO ANSWER
Which of the following describes ubiquinone (lmao tf even is that?? i bet i would know if my bio teacher actually came to class lol)?
a small hydrophobic coenzyme
Carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis are supplied by the intermediates of the citric acid cycle. Which intermediate would supply the carbon skeleton for synthesis of a five carbon amino acid?
a-ketoglutarate
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?
accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon from one molecule of pyruvate?
acetyl CoA
In the presence of oxygen, the three carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1)loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2. 2) is oxidized to form a two carbon compound called acetate 3)is bonded to coenzyme A these three steps result in the formation of what?
acetyl CoA, FADH, H2, and CO2
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water
How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?
active transport
Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized
how much do u wanna kys rn?
answers vary
What is the term for metabolic pathways that released stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
catabolic pathways?
Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following
chemiosmotic phosphorylation
Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
citric acid cycle-NADH-electron transport chain-oxygen
When hydrogen ions are pumped form the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the
creation of a proton gradient
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytosol
Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy?
electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O)
When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?
energy is released and the most electronegative atom is reduced
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP
energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
food-NADH- electron transport chain-oxygen
What happens at the end of the chain?
four electrons combine with oxygen and protons
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
glycolysis
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or absent?
glycolysis
Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis and fermentation
A molecule that is phosphorylated
has an increased chemical reacivity; it is primed to do cellular work
Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occut?
in photosynthesizing cells in dark periods and in other tissues all the time.
When muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by
increase in potassiom ions
In liver cells, the inner mitochondria membranes are about 5 times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes, and about 17 times that of the cell's plasma membrane. What purpose must this serve?
increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation
Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catylizes the conversion of fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1-6 bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount ATP in a cell would be expected to
inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Where is the ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
inner membrane
It should be possible to reconstitute the abilities of the vesicles if which of the following is added?
intact ATP synthase
Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Which of the following statements describes a function of phosphofructokinase?
it is an allosteric enzyme
Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?
it uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation reduction reaction
loses electrons and loses energy
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
mitochondrial inner membrane
energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?
mitochondrial intermembrane space
During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?
mitochondrial matrix
During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?
molecular oxygen
The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NADH+ to NADH is +53kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?
most of the free energy from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis
The parts of the figure labeled with Roman numerals symbolize what concept? ONCE AGAIN NO PIC!!!! THIS BITCH IS SO DUMB LMAOOOOOO
multimeric groups of proteins in 4 complexes
Carbon dioxide is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial components. Which one of the following processes could still be carried on by this isolated inner membrane?
oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?
oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to
oxidize NADH to NAD+
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation reduction reaction, the molecule becomes
oxidized
When a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom, the molecule becomes
reduced
In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH during which of the following?
reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol
During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is
retained in the pyruvate
An electron loses potential energy when it
shifts to a more electronegative atom
The ATP made by glycolysis is generated by
substrate level phosphorylation
The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
substrate level phosphorylation
The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is
the difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane
use this load of WONDERFUL WORDS to answer the questions: Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibration will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out". These little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. If the membranes are agitated (like me right now lol jk i love everything) still further however, the ability to synthesize ATP is lost.. questions: after the first disruption, when electron transfer and ATP synthesize still occur, what must be present? after the second agitation (lmao fwm see what happens bitch) of the membrane vesicles, what must be lost form the membrane?
the first one is all of the electron transport proteins as well as ATP synthase the second one is ATP synthase, in whole or in part
What is proton motive force?
the transmembrane proton concentration gradient
Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?
they have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen
Why is coenzyme A, a sulfur containing molecule derived from a B vitamin, added?
to provide a relatively unstable molecule whose acetyl portion can readily bind to oxaloacetate
In vertebrate animals, brown fat tissue's color is due to abundant mitochondria. White fat tissue, on the other hand, is specialized for fat storage and contains relatively few mitochondria. Brown fat cells have a specialized protein that dissipates the proton-motive force across the mitochondrial membranes. What's the function of the brown fat tissue?
to regulate temperature by converting energy form NADH oxidation to heat
Which step consists of a phosphorylation reaction in which ATP is the phosphate source?
who knows but the answer is apparently A