AP Biology In Class Final Review (Part 1)

The table shows the changes in allele frequencies of a specific gene in two populations of randomly mating small mammals after 30 years. The populations inhabit adjacent equatorial islands that have similar topography and climate. Which of the following is the most reliable conclusion that can be drawn from analysis of the data above?

Genetic drift has occurred in population 1.

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes normally found in the lysosomes and continues to translate mRNAs for those proteins on membrane bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

Golgi complex

The food web represented above does not include bacteria and fungi. Which of the following best describes a consequence of having no bacteria and fungi in the food web

Grasses will have no direct access to chemical components recycled from dead organisms

which of the following best describes how myelination affects the transmission of nerve impulses?

It speeds up the transmission of impulses by acting as an electrical insulator

Based on the universal genetic code, which of the following represents the correct polypeptide that will result from translation of the mRNA molecule shown, beginning with the first available start codon?

Met-Val-Thr-Lys-Phe-Gly-His

The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram below. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place?

NA+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis

Butterflies of the genus Colias live in the Rocky Mountains, where they experience a wide range of temperatures. Different variants of a particular glycolytic enzyme in the flight muscles are optimally active at different temperatures. Within the same population, some individual butterflies fly most effectively at 29 C° , while others fly most effectively at 40°C. Still others can be equally active at both temperatures.Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?

butterflies that express two variants of the enzymes are active over a greater range of temperatures

the food web represented above does not include bacteria and fungi. which of the following best describes a consequence of having no bacteria and fungi in the food web?

grasses will have no direct access to chemical components recycled from dead organisms

which of the following questions will best direct an investigation of the mechanism of ATP synthase?

is the phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase dependent on the formation of a proton gradient?

which of the following best describes an event during step 2 in the simplified model above?

noncoding sequences are removed from a newly synthesized RNA molecule

Which of the following communities is most likely to be stable?

one with high species diversity

Transmission of an action potential across a synapse involves the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron. The arrival of the action potential triggers a rise in the calcium concentration in the synaptic terminal, and the change in concentration triggers a release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Which of the following representations of the movement of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions best shows how an action potential is transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron?

(Ca++ going in on the left side, Na+ going in from right side K+going out)

A micro electrode is inserted into a neuron.

-75 (graph)

Which of the following correctly compares the two processes shown above?

Both processes increase genetic variation

The diagram above depicts a karyotype if an individual human.

The diagram illustrates the results of nondisjunction during gamete formation

Damaged tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets and stimulate the formation of blood clots

Activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets

. Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?

An ancestral cell most likely engulfed an aerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial to both cells.

The validity of the cladogram is best supported by molecular evidence for which of the following changes in the amino acid composition of the beta-hemoglobin protein during the evolution of these species

Arginine to leaucine at position X on the cladogram

Two groups of students attempted to re-create the primitive atmospheric conditions of early Earth using the apparatus represented below. Each group ran the experiment with different gas mixtures in the apparatus. Which of the following statements justifies the claim that the conditions in at least one of the experiments could generate the molecular building blocks essential for life?

Arginine to leucine at position X on the cladogram.

Bacterial cells that contain green fluorescent protein (GFP) will fluoresce under ultraviolet light. Which of the following is the most likely outcome of replacing the lacZ gene in E.coli lac operon with the gene encoding GFP?

Bacteria growing in the presence of lactose will fluoresce under ultraviolet light

Some strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes secrete poisonous substances called exotoxins. The genes encoding the exotoxins are though to have originated in the bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which the S. pyogenes acquired the ability to produce the extoxins?

Bacteriophage DNA became integrated in the bacterial chromosome

Which of the following is most likely a consequence of a mutation at the operator locus that prevents binding of a repressor protein?

Beta-galactosidase will be produced, even in the absence of lactose

Which of the following questions about the origin of life on earth is most scientifically testable?

Can simple organic molecules form spontaneously in an oxygen- free stomp sphere?

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of adding ciprofloxacin to animal feed?

Ciproflixacin-resistant strains of C. Jejuni will have a selective advantage in the digestive tracts of livestock

Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells?

DNA

a researcher released large numbers of moths into different environments in an attempt to better understand a mechanism of evolution...

Dark-colored moths were more likely to be recaptured in the polluted environment than in the unpolluted environment, suggesting an increased chance of reproductive success.

Epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. Epinephrine stimulates a signaling pathway that results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells. Which of the following describes the initial steps in the process whereby epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown?

Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor, the activated receptor stimulates production of the second messenger, cAMP

Which of the following describes the most likely consequence of a negative feedback pathway involving lac protein?

Expression of the lac operon diminishes as lactose is depleted

derived character chart

Fish, amphibians, crocodilians, birds, mammals

High blood cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia,HC) can lead to cardiovascular problems such as atherosclerosis and heart attack. Exercise and monitoring of diet can often control cholesterol levels; however, in certain cases HC is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in a single gene.A man with high cholesterol levels is about to marry a woman whose total cholesterol levels are also higher than average. A physician has suggested they get tested for the HC allele. Which of the following is a valid ethical question concerning the test?

If both have the allele for HC, should an insurance company raise their rates because of the results of the test?

In a species of cactus, the number of spines on a plant is genetically determined. The graph above shows frequency distributions for populations of the cactus species growing in the presence or absence of two herbivores: peccaries (a New World pig) and wasp larvae. Which of the following best accounts for the different frequency distributions in the graph?

Peccaries eat cacti with a smaller number of spines, and wasp larvae eat cacti with a greater number of spines.

As depicted in the diagram, honeybees communicate the location of flower patches to members of their hives with waggle dances that give information about the direction and distance to the flowers. Which of the following statements about how honeybees communicate the position of flower patches is most consistent with the model?

The farther the target flowers from the hive, the longer the waggle phase.

Eye pigment in a particular strain of fly is determined by two genes. An autosomal gene that controls the color of pigments in the eye has two alleles: a dominant allele (R) that results in red eyes and recessive allele (r) that results in sepia eyes. A sex-linked gene that controls the expression of the colored pigments also has two alleles: a dominant allele (T) that allows for the expression of colored pigments and recessive allele (t) that does not allow for the expression of pigments. Individuals without a T allele have white eyes regardless of the alleles of the eye-color genes. Which of the following represents a cross between a white-eyed female and a red-eyed male?

RrXtXt x RrXTY

A student analyzed a viral genome and found that the genome had the following nucleotide composition. 28% adenine, 20% thymine, 35% cytosine, 17% guanine. Which of the following best describes the structure of the viral genome?

Single-stranded DNA

The figure above represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structure labeled Y?

Structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized

In Drosophila melanogaster the allele for wild-type body color (B) is dominant to the recessive allele for black body color (b). Similarly, the allele for wild type wing shape (V) is dominant to the recessive allele for vestigial wings phenotype (v). In the cross diagrammed above, the expected and observed results are shown. Which of the following best explains the observed results of the cross?

The genes for body color and wing shape are located close to each other on the same chromosome

The figure above shows an organelle typically found in eukaryotic cells. Which of the following best describes the function of the double membrane system of this organelle?

The inner membrane has specialized proteins that create a hydrogen ion concentration gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix.

Which of the following best explains the contribution of the lac operon to the metabolic efficiency of a bacteria cell?

The lacZ gene is highly expressed only when lactose is available

The following DNA sequence is a small part of the coding strand from the open reading frame of the beta-hemoglobin gene (chart)

The reading frame of the sequence would shift, causing a change in the amino acid sequence after that point

Two populations of a species of squirrel are geographically isolated from each other. Although they have the same population density, one population is significantly larger in number than the other. A new bacterial disease, which is easily spread and extremely virulent, affects both populations at the same time. Which of the following is the best prediction of how the new disease will affect the two Populations?

The smaller population will be more affected than the larger population, because the smaller population has less genetic variation than the larger population has.

sickle-cell anemia is associated with a mutation in the gene encoding the beta subunit of hemoglobin that results in a change from glutamic acid to valine at position #6. all the other amino acids are identical to a normal hemoglobin protein. based on the information above, which of the following mutations is the most likely cause of sickle-cell anemia?

a single base-pair substitution in the gene encoding the beta subunit

The pedigree below shows the inheritance of a dominant allele of a gene in a family over several generations. Circles represent females and squares represent males. Shaded symbols indicate individuals carrying the allele.The pedigree suggests that the gene in on a nuclear chromosome, and not on mitochondrial DNA, because...

maternal mitochondrial mutations are inherited by all of a mother's offspring