AP Biology Unit 8 Chapter 40
In a population of 1,000 elephants, how many individuals would survive for 50% of the species' maximum life span?
ab 100
The maximum life span of Albertosaurus was about 100 years.
cannot be determined
For a species with a Type II curve, less than ____% of individuals survive for 50% of the maximum life span.
10
Assume there are 200 MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. If my island has an area of 20 hectares, what is the population density of MendAliens in terms of MendAliens per hectare?
10 MendAliens per hectare
Which decade had, or is projected to have, the highest annual population increase?
1980-1990
Approximately how many 15-19-year-old males were there in China in 2010?
56 million
You are doing a mark-recapture experiment to determine the population size of the MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. Initially, you catch and mark 130 MendAliens, which you then release. Next, you capture 90 MendAliens, of which 20 are marked. What is your estimate of the population size of MendAliens living on the island in my back yard?
585
What is represented by the distance between two vertical white gridlines on this graph?
A time span of 50 years
Which of the following statements about Hadley cells is true?
As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools.
Which processes increase a population's size?
Births and immigration
Which factor does not affect a habitat's carrying capacity?
Genetic variation in the population
The average age of childbearing in country A is 26, whereas the average age in country B is 30. In each country, the average number of offspring per woman is 3. Which of the following statements about the population growth rate in each country must be true?
It is not possible to compare the population growth rates of countries A and B.
Which of the following statements about age pyramids is true?
Predictions of a population's future take into account such factors as increasing survivorship and fecundity levels that remain the same.
Drag the labels to their appropriate slices of the pie chart.
Red: boys Purple: men Yellow: girls Green: women
Which desert is caused by a Hadley cell?
Sahara Desert in Africa
At 50% of maximum life span, how does survivorship for a Type I curve compare to survivorship for a Type III curve?
Survivorship for a Type I curve is nearly 1,000 times as great as survivorship for a Type III curve.
What is represented by the vertical blue bars on this graph?
The number of people added to the population annually in each decade
What do the bars on this graph represent?
The numbers of males and females in each age group
The colors of the bars on the graphs indicate the life stage of the people in that age class. What does it mean if a bar is colored blue?
The people in that age class are of reproductive age.
In 1970, the average age of childbearing was 28, and the average number of offspring per woman was 3 in a certain country. In 1980, the average age of childbearing was still 28, but the average number of offspring per woman was 2 in that country. If the death rate in the country remained constant during those years, how did the population growth rate change from 1970 to 1980?
The population growth rate decreased.
After rapid population growth from 1966 to 1975, the Chinese government instituted policies aimed at reducing population growth. The effects can be seen in most age-groups born since then. However, the population representing children born in 1986-1990 is larger than any other age-group. What data in the age structure diagram provide the best explanation for this exception?
This exception can be explained by population momentum from the 1966-1970 age-group.
Why is a percentage scale used for the x-axis rather than actual ages?
This scale allows you to compare species with widely varying life spans on the same graph.
Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth?
Young populations with few individuals.
Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?
a rectangle tapering toward the top
In Canada in 2010, people between the ages of 45 and 54 made up the largest percentage of the population. What factor is most likely to have caused this bulge in the age pyramid?
a surge in the birth rate after World War II ended in 1945
Drag a label under each graph to indicate whether it shows density-dependent population regulation or density-independent population regulation. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a. density dependent birth rate b. density dependent death rate c. density dependent birth rate
In 2010, how many 25- to 29-year-old women lived in Niger?
about 0.5 million
Of the following, which is the most inclusive level of organization in nature?
biosphere
Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance?
birth rate
The number of individuals that a particular habitat can support with no degradation of that habitat is called _____.
carrying capacity
What are population dynamics?
changes in populations through time
In wild populations, individuals most often show a _____ pattern of dispersion.
clumped
Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of these yeast population?
graph A
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?
inverted pyramid
Which of the following investigations is an example of the study of an abiotic factor?
investigating how the amount of annual precipitation affects the distribution of a tree species
What does the orange graph line represent?
logistic growth
Resource competition, territoriality, disease, and toxic wastes are some of the factors that provide _____ and help regulate population.
negative feedback
In 1985, China's rate of population increase was nearly 15 per 1,000. Based on the portion of the population in their prereproductive years, China's population will continue to grow at a high rate of increase through the 21st century.
not supported
Like the United States, China experienced a "baby boom" after World War II ended in 1945.
not supported
The rate of human population growth is increasing.
not supported
In species that exhibit a Type II survivorship curve, individuals are no more likely to die at one stage of the life cycle than another.
supported
Total population size is projected to increase through the middle of the 21st century.
supported
What do the bars on the graphs represent?
the number of males and females in each age group
To determine the density of a rabbit population, you would need to know the number of rabbits and __________.
the size of the area in which they live
Select the three conclusions you can draw from the graph.
-In 1990, only 39% of the global rural population had access to basic sanitation, but by 2015, that had jumped almost 20 percentage points. -For both drinking water and sanitation, rural populations experienced more improvement between 1990 and 2015 than urban populations did. -By 2015, over 90% of the global urban population had access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity?
-The birth rate equals the death rate. -The population growth rate equals zero. -The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied.
Drag the terms to the appropriate blanks to complete the sentences.
1. Graph A shows that the probability of hatching failure increases later in the season. The data support Prediction #2. 2. Graph B shows that the probability of hatching failure decreases at higher latitudes. The data support Prediction #1. 3. Graph C shows that the probability of hatching failure is highest for both the largest and the smallest clutch sizes. The data do not support Prediction #3. 4. Researchers were unable to test Prediction #4. This is because it was too difficult for volunteers to collect data on which eggs were laid earliest.
Suppose you are helping McCarthy choose her sample sites. You have the resources to conduct the study at only 4 sites. Pick the 4 sites that allow all 4 possible treatment combinations, while controlling for sunlight. Drag a check mark to each site you would use, and drag Xs to the sites you would not use. You should end up placing 4 check marks and 8 Xs. Labels can be used more than once.
High CO2: 3 suns 1 water: X 3 suns 3 water: X 1 sun 2 water: X 1 sun 3 water: X 2 sun 1 water: Check 2 sun 3 water:Check Ambient CO2: 3 suns 2 water: X 1 sun 1 water: X 1 sun 3 water: X 2 sun 3 water: Check 2 sun 1 water: Check 2 sun 2 water: X
For species with a Type III curve, most individuals reach the maximum life span.
Not supported
Which aspects of a region's climate have the most impact on plants and animals?
Temperature and moisture.
What is a biome?
a major type of ecosystem
What prediction(s) can researchers make based on the egg-viability hypothesis? Select all that apply.
-The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the spring season. -The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes. -The probability of hatching failure will be higher in large clutches
Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth?
-When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing. -As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
1. The world (all nations considered together) met the target for safe drinking water. 2. Five out of nine developing regions met the target for safe drinking water. 3. Of the developing regions shown on the graph, Eastern Asia showed the greatest percentage increase in access to an improved drinking water source between 1990 and 2015. 4. Of the developing regions shown on the graph, Caucasus and Central Asia showed the least improvement between 1990 and 2015. 5. The least developed nations did not meet the target for safe drinking water. 6. Even so, the least developed nations showed about a 20% improvement in access to safe drinking water since 1990.
According to this graph, the world population doubled between _______.
1930 and 1975
Suppose you are able to manipulate a plant's access to components in the photosynthesis equation. Drag each label to the appropriate bin to predict how that action will affect plant growth. For each increase or decrease, assume that every other component of the photosynthesis equation is unlimited.
Decrease plant growth -decrease H2O -decrease sunlight -decrease CO2 No effect on plant growth -increase O2 -increase C6H12O6 -decrease C6H12O6 -decrease O2 Increase plant growth -increase H2O -increase CO2 -increase sunlight
Using what you learned about the equation for photosynthesis and McCarthy's hypothesis, make predictions for the tree growth at each site. One has already been filled in for you.
Dry and Ambient: low growth Dry and High: medium growth Wet and High: high growth
Which of the following causes Earth's seasons?
Earth's tilt on its axis
Which of the following statements about a population experiencing logistic growth is true?
If N is greater than K, the population will shrink
What is represented on the x-axis of this graph?
Individuals' life spans as a percentage of the maximum life span for the species
Assuming that current trends continue, predict how the age structure of Canada in 2030 will likely differ from that in 2010.
The proportion of the population made up of older adults (65+) will increase.
At 50% of maximum life span, how does the survivorship of Albertosaurus compare to the survivorship of the crocodile?
The survivorship of Albertosaurus is about 100 times greater than that of the crocodile.
Which action influences the abiotic components of an organism's environment?
Water pollution.
Drag the labels onto the table to identify the characteristics of each type of population growth. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a. exponential growth b. logistic growth c. abundant resources d. limited resources e. faster as population increases f. slows as population increases g. no limit h. carrying capacity i. Isabela Island j. Daphne Major
In Canada in 2010, which age classes contained the largest number of people?
adults between 45 and 54
Which of the following is an example of a population?
all of the redwood trees that live in a forest
Look closely at the scale on the y-axis. What number would be represented by the point midway between the tick mark labeled 10 and the tick mark labeled 100?
app 32
The mortality rate of Albertosaurus dinosaurs aged between 25% and 50% of their maximum life span was far greater than the mortality rate of dinosaurs that reached 75% of their maximum life span.
not supported
In the models that describe population growth, r stands for _____.
per capita population growth rate
What is shown on the x-axis?
percentage of the maximum life span of a species
Based on a comparison of the age-structure pyramids, which of the following would likely be a higher priority in Canada than in Niger?
providing long-term care for the elderly
Look at the age-structure pyramids. The numbers between the bars (in the middle of the graphs) serve as the y-axis. What do these numbers represent?
the age classes, in 5-year ranges
From 1500 to 2010, the human population approximately followed the exponential growth model.
supported
In most cases, the two major climatic factors affecting the distribution of organisms in terrestrial ecosystems are __________.
water and temperature
Drag the blue labels to the graph below to indicate what data researchers should plot on the x- and y- axes. Then select the graph line that would support their hypothesis.
y axis: clutch size x axis: female plumage ornamentation graph: linear positive
Why are experiments that involve transplanting species seldom conducted today?
The transplanted species are often disruptive to their new communities.
What are the most abundant animals found in the pelagic zone?
zooplankton
Which equation represents the logistic growth rate of a population?
ΔN/Δt=rmaxN(K−N)/K
In which biome would you most likely find plants that exhibit C4 or CAM photosynthesis?
desert
What are rain shadows?
dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges
Which location on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area?
equator
True or false? Weather is defined as the prevailing long-term atmospheric conditions in a particular region.
false
Which of the following is regarded as a density-independent factor in the growth of natural populations?
flooding
Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of this coyote population?
graph B
Which graph best represents the growth of the beetle population in the sack of corn meal?
graph C
As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance __________.
increases
How could this data be best represented graphically?
pie chart
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?
pyramid
What does the right y-axis represent?
resources, with quantity decreasing from bottom to top
Which of the biomes—tundra, coniferous forest, temperate broadleaf forest, temperate grassland, savanna, chaparral, desert, tropical rainforest—require periodic fires to maintain their existence?
savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, and coniferous forest
The mark-recapture method would be best for sampling a population of _____.
sharks
Rank the biomes in terms of how much you expect plant growth to increase as a function of increased CO2 in the atmosphere.
smallest increase desert grassland temperate forest tropical rain forest largest increase
According to the graph, which modern animal has a relatively constant mortality rate throughout its life span?
starling
During the 20th century, the human population increased from less than 2 billion to more than 6 billion.
supported
True or false? Factors that determine the per capita rate of increase of a population include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.
true
True or false? The growth rate of a certain population increases very quickly for a time and then levels off to zero. The most likely reason that the growth rate leveled off to zero is that the population reached the carrying capacity of that environment.
true
The 2010 age-structure pyramid for Niger indicates that the population of Niger ________.
was increasing
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.
1. This type of graph is called a scatter plot. 2. The Water Index is plotted on the x-axis. 3. The percentage of people with access to food is plotted on the y-axis. 4. The red trend line in the graph is sometimes called a best-fit line. 5. From the graph, you can see that as Water Index goes up, so does the percentage of people with access to food. In other words, Water Index and food access are positively correlated. 6. An international aid agency is trying to decide whether to invest in small-scale irrigation projects as a way to combat food insecurity. Extending the information presented in this graph, providing irrigation should increase food security.
According to this graph, species that exhibit a Type III curve typically produce large numbers of offspring.
Cannot be determined from this graph
Which of the following statements about density-independent growth is true?
Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth.
