AP CH 19 BLOOD
Antigens A and B
The ABO blood group is based on which antigen(s)? Antigen D Antigen Rh Antigens A and B Antigen O
Basophils
The least common type of leukocyte:
Lymphocytes
The leukocyte characterized by a spherical nucleus and a lack of granules
Eosinophils
The leukocyte that responds to infection with parasitic worms
water
The most abundant component of plasma is __________. ions proteins water gases
Neutrophils
The most common type of leukocyte is _____
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
The primary function of red blood cells is to ______________: transport nutrients to the body's cells and tissues phagocytize bacteria transport oxygen and carbon dioxide stop blood loss from an injured blood vessel
coagulation
The process that converts fibrinogen to fibrin and results in the formation of a more solid clot is called __________: coagulation platelet plug formation thrombolysis clot retraction
Venom would increase coagulation
The venom of certain snakes contains substances that activate factors V, IX, and X. Which of the following effects would occur if exposed to human blood.
Monocytes
This leukocyte is recognizable due to its large U-shaped nucleus:
False
True or False Platelets can undergo mitosis and perform repairs if damaged.
Antibodies
What are produced by cells derived from activated B lymphocytes, and they bind to foreign antigens?
Biliverdin
What causes a bruise to appear greenish in the skin? Bilirubin Plasma Hemoglobin Biliverdin
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
What cell gives rise to all formed elements? Proerythroblast Erythroblast Reticulocyte Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Lymphocytes and monocytes
What cells are categorized as agranulocytes? Neutrophils and basophils Eosinophils and basophils Reticulocytes and erythrocytes Lymphocytes and monocytes
von Willebrand factor
What chemical is produced by endothelial cells at the site of injury during the first step of platelet plug formation? Fibrinogen von Willebrand factor Hageman factor Tissue factor
Hemophilia B (Christmas disease)
What clotting disorder results from an inadequate amount of the Christmas factor (IX)? Hemophilia B Pulmonary embolism Hemophilia A Deep vein thrombosis
Thrombin
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?
Thrombin
What enzyme coverts fibrinogen to fibrin? Tissue factor Antihemophilic factor A Hageman factor Thrombin
Factor XII contacts exposed collagen fibers.
What event initiates the intrinsic or contact pathway of coagulation? Factor XII contacts exposed collagen fibers. Prothrombin is converted to thrombin. Subendothelial cells display tissue factor. Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.
plasma
What forms the majority of blood?
Calcium ions
What ions are necessary for both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade? Magnesium ions Iron ions Potassium ions Calcium ions
D antigen
What is another name for the Rh antigen? O antigen D antigen B antigen A antigen
The percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes
What is hematocrit? The percentage of blood composed of platelets The percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes The percentage of blood composed of all formed elements The percentage of blood composed of leukocytes
7-10 days
What is the average lifespan of a platelet? 175-200 days 100-120 days 30-40 days 7-10 days
100-120 days
What is the average lifespan of erythrocytes? 100-120 days 175-200 days 7-10 days 30-40 days
Vascular spasms decrease blood vessel diameter to limit blood loss.
What is the functional consequence of vascular spasms during hemostasis? Vascular spasms cause activated platelets to release the contents of their granules. Vascular spasms transform fibrinogen into fibrin. Vascular spasms cause platelets to adhere to exposed collagen. Vascular spasms decrease blood vessel diameter to limit blood loss.
Neutrophil
What is the most common type of leukocyte in a healthy adult? Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocyte
Hemoglobin
What is the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes? Beta globulin Gamma globulin Hemoglobin Albumin
Kidney
What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis? Kidney Liver Pancreas Spleen
55%
What percentage of the blood is composed of plasma? 45% 15% 75% 55%
Albumin
What plasma protein is most important for the blood's colloid osmotic pressure? Antibodies Transport proteins Collagen Albumin
Thrombolysis
What process dissolves a blood clot? Thrombolysis Leukopoiesis Hematopoiesis Hemostasis
Hemolysis
What process does agglutination promote? Coagulation Hematopoiesis Hemostasis Hemolysis
Hemostasis
What process involves a series of events that minimizes the amount of blood lost from an injured blood vessel? Hematopoiesis Hemolysis Hemostasis Coagulation
Vitamin K
What vitamin is necessary for certain clotting factors to operate during coagulation? Vitamin K Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Vitamin D
platelets and leukocytes
When blood is centrifuged, what is found in the buffy coat?
negative feedback loop
When fibrin levels increase, thrombin production is inhibited. This is an example of a __________.
common pathway
When is fibrin produced during the coagulation cascade?
erythropoietin
When the kidneys detect low oxygen levels, what hormone is released?
thymus gland Note: they originate in bone marrow, but mature in the thymus.
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
O
Which blood type is compatible with B during a transfusion? AB O B+ O+
Basophil
Which leukocyte is the least common and functions to mediate inflammation? Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Monocyte
Eosinophils
Which leukocytes have cytoplasmic granules that stain red and bilobed nuclei? Monocytes Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils
Anti-A antibodies
Which of the following antibodies does a person with type B+ blood have in their plasma? Anti-A and Anti-Rh antibodies Anti-Rh antibodies Anti-B antibodies Anti-A antibodies
Anti-A antibodies
Which of the following antibodies does a person with type B+ blood have in their plasma? Anti-B antibodies Anti-A antibodies Anti-Rh antibodies Anti-A and Anti-Rh antibodies
O-
Which of the following blood types is compatible with B- during a transfusion? O+ O- B+ AB-
Type AB+
Which of the following blood types is considered the universal recipient? Type O+ Type AB+ Type O- Type AB-
Capable of oxidative catabolism
Which of the following characteristics do platelets have? Reproduce quickly by mitosis Capable of oxidative catabolism Extensive endoplasmic reticulum Large single nucleus
Biconcave shape
Which of the following characteristics is associated with erythrocytes? Cytoplasmic granules Prominent nuclei Immune functions Biconcave shape
A donor with O- blood
Which of the following donors will be suitable for a recipient with type A+ blood?
Formation of thrombin
Which of the following events must occur first during hemostasis? Formation of fibrin Formation of thrombin Thrombolysis Clot retraction
Abnormal leukocytes
Which of the following factors is not related to anemia? Decreased hematocrit Abnormal hemoglobin Decreased hemoglobin Abnormal leukocytes
Protecting internal organs
Which of the following functions is not associated with blood? Performing immune functions Protecting internal organs Preserving acid-base homeostasis Maintaining body temperature
Decrease production of the protein hemoglobin
Which of the following functions is not associated with erythropoietin? Replacement of yellow bone marrow with red bone marrow Speeds up the rate of erythropoiesis Decrease production of the protein hemoglobin Reduces the amount of time needed for new erythrocytes to mature
Liver
Which of the following organs produce most of the plasma proteins? Kidney Spleen Bones Liver
Antibody and agglutinin
Which of the following pairs of terms can be used interchangeably? Antibody and agglutinin Antibody and coagulation Antigen and coagulation Antigen and agglutinin
Bilirubin
Which of the following products from the breakdown of hemoglobin is excreted as a waste product by the liver? Amino acids Bilirubin Iron ions Biliverdin
Prothrombin
Which of the following substances does not inhibit coagulation? Prothrombin Heparan sulfate Protein C Antithrombin-III
an Rh- person who has been previously exposed to Rh antigen and sensitized Note: This can happen during birth or during a blood transfusion.
Which of these people will produce anti-Rh antibodies? every Rh+ person, even if they have not been previously exposed to Rh antigen an Rh- person who has been previously exposed to Rh antigen and sensitized every Rh- person, even if they have not been previously exposed to Rh antigen an Rh+ person who has been previously exposed to Rh antigen and sensitized
Spleen
Which organ traps older erythrocytes so they will be removed from circulation? Bone Spleen Gall bladder Kidney
Lymphocyte
Which type of leukocyte may produce antibodies? Lymphocyte Neutrophil Monocyte Eosinophil
1%
A centrifuged sample of blood shows 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes. What percentage of the blood is composed of leukocytes and platelets? 53% 1% 46% 47%
Type AB-
A sample reacts with anti-A and anti-B antibodies, but it does not react with anti-Rh antibodies. What is the sample's blood type? Type O+ Type O- Type AB+ Type AB-
thrombolysis
After a wound has healed, the blood clot is no longer necessary and it dissolves in a process called:
red bone marrow
All red blood cells in an adult originate in the __________: spleen red bone marrow liver heart
Increased oxygen delivery to tissues
Athletes have been known to abuse erythropoietin. What potential benefit might athletes hope to derive with erythropoietin?
heme molecules of hemoglobin that lack iron. Submit
Bilirubin comes from the breakdown of: iron ions found in hemoglobin molecules globin chains of hemoglobin amino acids of hemoglobin heme molecules of hemoglobin that lack iron
antigens
Carbohydrate groups on the surfaces of erythrocytes determine blood type and are known as ____________: tissue factors antigens antibodies agglutinins
agglutinate
During a transfusion, if incompatible antigens are introduced, antibodies can bind to foreign antigens, causing them to clump together, or:
myeloblasts
During leukopoiesis, basophils are derived from _____________: lymphoblast megakaryoblast myeloblasts monoblasts
myeloblasts
During leukopoiesis, neutrophils are derived from __________: myeloblasts proerythroblasts lymphoblast monoblasts
Coagulation
Fibrin converts the soft, liquid platelet plug into a more solid mass by the process of ______________. hemostasis coagulation hematopoiesis hemolysis
Platelets
Hemostasis is mediated by which of the following formed elements? Erythrocytes Platelets Lymphocytes Monocytes
By binding to hydrophilic transport proteins
How can hydrophobic steroids travel in the blood? By binding to hydrophilic albumins By binding to hydrophilic transport proteins By binding to hydrophobic immune proteins By binding to hydrophobic γ-globulins
5 L
How much blood does the average adult have? 3 L 1.5 L 7 L 5 L
Reticulocyte
In erythropoiesis, what is the name of the cell that has ejected its nucleus and other organelles prior to being released into the bloodstream? Erythrocyte Proerythroblast Reticulocyte Erythroblast
Xa
In the common pathway of coagulation, what factor combines with factor Va and calcium ions to form prothrombin activator?
pernicious anemia
Jerry is an alcoholic and does not eat enough food. He has been diagnosed with a vitamin deficiency. What blood disorder is the most likely a result of this deficiency? hemolytic anemia aplastic anemia pernicious anemia iron-deficiency anemia
Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation Clot retraction Thrombolysis
List the 5 steps of hemostasis:
fighting a bacterial infection.
Neutrophils are most effective at:
aplastic anemia
Nora was exposed to radiation that caused her red bone marrow to make fewer red blood cells. This condition is known as __________. hemolytic anemia iron-deficiency anemia aplastic anemia sickle-cell anemia
7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)
Normal blood pH should fall between _____________: 7.65 and 7.85 7.15 and 7.25 7.35 and 7.45 6.95 and 7.15
megakaryocytes
Platelets are cell fragments derived from __________: megakaryocytes monoblasts myeloblasts lymphocytes
coagulation
Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to use vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would have problems with ____________: gglutination thrombolysis coagulation erythropoiesis
