AP Enviro: Chapter 5+6

Currently, ________people on the earth do not have their basic needs met?

1 out of every 5

The crude birth rate is the number of live births per ____ persons in a given year.

1000

Worldwide, _______ children under one year of age die each day of preventable causes

11,000

Worldwide, AIDS is the leading cause of death for people _____ years of age.

15-49

The U.S. total fertility rate has remained at or below replacement rate since year ______.

1972

At today's level of consumption, scientists estimate that we would need the equivalent of ____ planet Earths to sustain our use of resources in 2050.

2

About ____% of the children born in 2012 were an addition to the world's more developed countries.

2%

The replacement-level fertility rate is ____ for developed countries and ____ for developing countries.

2.1; 2.5

Between 1955 and 2012, the global total fertility rate (TFR) dropped from in less-developed countries from 5 to _______.

2.4

About 2.3 million people were added to the U.S. population in 2012. What percentage of this increase was due to immigration?

30%

Currently, legal and illegal immigration account for approximately _________ of the U.S. annual population growth?

30%

Members of the baby-boom generation make up ____% of all adult Americans.

36%

there were ________ environmental refugees in 2008.

40,000,000

The 2012 U.S. population of 314 million is expected to reach ________ by 2050

400 million

90%of Indian couples have access to modern birth control methods, but only ______ percent use one.

49%

If every woman on the earth had no more than an average of 2.1 children during their reproductive years, the human population would continue to rise for ______.

50 years

By 1900, white-tailed deer populations in the U.S. were reduced to about ____, but now, since laws have been passed to protect them and their natural predators have nearly been eliminated, their population is over ____ in the U.S.

50,000; 25 million

Since 1955, the global life expectancy has risen to _____.

70 years

Which statement about India is false?

80% of rural people have adequate sanitation.

Demographers estimate the human population in 2050 to be between 7.8 and 10.8 billion - a range of three billion. Why is the estimated range so wide?

Projections are made by a variety of organizations

_______ is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations.

population density

________ describes an organism that is too old to reproduce.

postreproductive

Which stage does not belong in the demographic transition model?

pre-transitional

__________ is the most common interaction between species

predation

Each population in an ecosystem has a ____ to variations in its physical and chemical environment.

range of tolerance

The US population is ______.

rapidly growing

parasites _______.

rarely kill their hosts

_________ exhibits secondary ecological succession.

recently flooded land

________ are more likely to increase the likelihood of a couple having a child (rather than decrease the likelihood).

religious beliefs

_______ refers to the ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbance

resilience

If multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by __________

resource partitioning

Some prey species discourage predators with chemicals that are poisonous, irritating, foul smelling, or bad tasting. What is this called?

chemical warfare

Bats prey on certain species of moths by using high frequency echolocation to locate their prey. Certain moths have evolved ears that can hear these frequencies allowing them to escape. This is an example of ____.

coevolution

The primary reason for the United States having one of the highest infant mortality rates of developed countries is _______

drug addiction among women

From the ____ point of view, parasites are harmful, but from the ____ perspective, parasites can promote diversity.

hosts; population's

A high incidence of AIDS in a country is least likely to result in a(n) ____.

increase in life expectancy

Rapid population decline is least likely to result in ____.

increased pensions and lowered retirement age

The ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances is called ____.

inertia

_________ occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources?

interspecific competition

Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are ____.

life expectancy + infant mortality rate

_________ has caused the population of the southern sea otters to fluctuate.

parasites from house cats

______ is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism

parasitism

Which statement about China is false?

China has very few critical resource and environmental problems.

According to the demographic transition model, what trend is true of countries in Stage 2: Transitional?

Death rates drop, followed by birth rates

______ is currently facing a declining population.

Germany

Which statement about India's resource and environmental problems is false?

India has about 15% of the world's forests.

Which country had the world's longest life expectancy in 2012?

Japan

What circumstance would decrease the likelihood of a couple having a child?

Opportunities for women to participate in education and employment

________ is least likely to affect birth and fertility rates today.

The number of people 60 or older.

What was the primary reason the southern sea otter nearly went extinct by the early 1900s?

They have thick, luxurious fur

________ would cause a population to overshoot its carrying capacity

a reproductive time lag between birth and death rates

_______ exhibits primary succession.

a rock exposed by a retreating glacier

________ is a population's distribution of individuals among various age groups.

age structure

There are _______ limits to a population growth in nature

always

In developing countries, demographic transition is least likely to be hindered by ____.

an increase in education opportunities for women

A country with a TFR that falls below 1.5 children per couple for a prolonged period will experience all of the following except ____.

an increasing number of working taxpayers

The primary reason why southern sea otter recovery is important is because they ____.

are a keystone species

Most ecologists now recognize that mature, late-successional ecosystems ____.

are in a state of continual disturbance and change*

When populations of two different species interact over long periods of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other. What is this called?

coevolution

__________ occurs when an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other?

commensalism

Plants such as bromeliads share a commensalism interaction with large trees in tropical and subtropical forests by attaching to the trunks or branches of the trees. The bromeliads are an example of ____.

epiphytes

The situation in which one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements and often, less suitable for itself, is called ____.

facilitation

The world's first national ____ program began in India in 1952.

family planning

Countries that have reached zero population growth have an age structure diagram that ____.

has little variation in prereproductive and reproductive age groups

________ is when Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can prevent the growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum conditions.

limiting factor

Exponential growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size stabilizes is typical of ____.

logistic growth

Grasslands have ____ and can burn easily.

low inertia

The relationship between bacteria that live in the digestive systems of animals, such as humans, is ____.

mutualism

The relationship between clownfish and sea anemone is called ____.

mutualism

When two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource, it is called ____.

mutualism

Species can, over a long period of time, develop adaptations that allow them to reduce or avoid competition by sharing resources. This is called ____.

resource partitioning

Kelp forests are composed of large concentrations of a(n) ____.

seaweed

________ is succession that begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, and that contains soil or bottom sediment

secondary succession

The exponential rate of growth of the total human population over the past 100 years has been a result of ____.

sharp drop in death rates

Kelp forests help reduce ____ by blunting the force of incoming waves and trapping some of the outgoing sand.

shore erosion

Kelp forests are a very important ecosystem in marine waters by supporting important biodiversity. These kelp forests are threatened by all of the following except _____.

southern sea otters

The capacity to withstand external stress and disturbance is called ____.

stability*

What shape in an age-structure chart would best illustrate the effects of the baby-boom in the United States in 2012?

stable base w/ slight bulge near the top

Women are least likely to have fewer and healthier children when ____.

they marry at a young age

Late successional plants are largely unaffected by plants at earlier stages of succession because they are not in direct competition for resources, a factor called ____.

tolerance

The total fertility rate is the ____.

total number of children born to women in their reproductive years.

_________ is not considered a form of nondestructive behavior.

using the energy or body of another organisms as a food source

The non-poisonous ____ butterfly gains protection by looking like the bad-tasting ____ butterfly, which is a protective device known as ____.

viceroy; monarch; mimicry