AP Enviro: Chapter 5+6
Currently, ________people on the earth do not have their basic needs met?
1 out of every 5
The crude birth rate is the number of live births per ____ persons in a given year.
1000
Worldwide, _______ children under one year of age die each day of preventable causes
11,000
Worldwide, AIDS is the leading cause of death for people _____ years of age.
15-49
The U.S. total fertility rate has remained at or below replacement rate since year ______.
1972
At today's level of consumption, scientists estimate that we would need the equivalent of ____ planet Earths to sustain our use of resources in 2050.
2
About ____% of the children born in 2012 were an addition to the world's more developed countries.
2%
The replacement-level fertility rate is ____ for developed countries and ____ for developing countries.
2.1; 2.5
Between 1955 and 2012, the global total fertility rate (TFR) dropped from in less-developed countries from 5 to _______.
2.4
About 2.3 million people were added to the U.S. population in 2012. What percentage of this increase was due to immigration?
30%
Currently, legal and illegal immigration account for approximately _________ of the U.S. annual population growth?
30%
Members of the baby-boom generation make up ____% of all adult Americans.
36%
there were ________ environmental refugees in 2008.
40,000,000
The 2012 U.S. population of 314 million is expected to reach ________ by 2050
400 million
90%of Indian couples have access to modern birth control methods, but only ______ percent use one.
49%
If every woman on the earth had no more than an average of 2.1 children during their reproductive years, the human population would continue to rise for ______.
50 years
By 1900, white-tailed deer populations in the U.S. were reduced to about ____, but now, since laws have been passed to protect them and their natural predators have nearly been eliminated, their population is over ____ in the U.S.
50,000; 25 million
Since 1955, the global life expectancy has risen to _____.
70 years
Which statement about India is false?
80% of rural people have adequate sanitation.
Demographers estimate the human population in 2050 to be between 7.8 and 10.8 billion - a range of three billion. Why is the estimated range so wide?
Projections are made by a variety of organizations
_______ is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations.
population density
________ describes an organism that is too old to reproduce.
postreproductive
Which stage does not belong in the demographic transition model?
pre-transitional
__________ is the most common interaction between species
predation
Each population in an ecosystem has a ____ to variations in its physical and chemical environment.
range of tolerance
The US population is ______.
rapidly growing
parasites _______.
rarely kill their hosts
_________ exhibits secondary ecological succession.
recently flooded land
________ are more likely to increase the likelihood of a couple having a child (rather than decrease the likelihood).
religious beliefs
_______ refers to the ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbance
resilience
If multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by __________
resource partitioning
Some prey species discourage predators with chemicals that are poisonous, irritating, foul smelling, or bad tasting. What is this called?
chemical warfare
Bats prey on certain species of moths by using high frequency echolocation to locate their prey. Certain moths have evolved ears that can hear these frequencies allowing them to escape. This is an example of ____.
coevolution
The primary reason for the United States having one of the highest infant mortality rates of developed countries is _______
drug addiction among women
From the ____ point of view, parasites are harmful, but from the ____ perspective, parasites can promote diversity.
hosts; population's
A high incidence of AIDS in a country is least likely to result in a(n) ____.
increase in life expectancy
Rapid population decline is least likely to result in ____.
increased pensions and lowered retirement age
The ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances is called ____.
inertia
_________ occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources?
interspecific competition
Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are ____.
life expectancy + infant mortality rate
_________ has caused the population of the southern sea otters to fluctuate.
parasites from house cats
______ is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism
parasitism
Which statement about China is false?
China has very few critical resource and environmental problems.
According to the demographic transition model, what trend is true of countries in Stage 2: Transitional?
Death rates drop, followed by birth rates
______ is currently facing a declining population.
Germany
Which statement about India's resource and environmental problems is false?
India has about 15% of the world's forests.
Which country had the world's longest life expectancy in 2012?
Japan
What circumstance would decrease the likelihood of a couple having a child?
Opportunities for women to participate in education and employment
________ is least likely to affect birth and fertility rates today.
The number of people 60 or older.
What was the primary reason the southern sea otter nearly went extinct by the early 1900s?
They have thick, luxurious fur
________ would cause a population to overshoot its carrying capacity
a reproductive time lag between birth and death rates
_______ exhibits primary succession.
a rock exposed by a retreating glacier
________ is a population's distribution of individuals among various age groups.
age structure
There are _______ limits to a population growth in nature
always
In developing countries, demographic transition is least likely to be hindered by ____.
an increase in education opportunities for women
A country with a TFR that falls below 1.5 children per couple for a prolonged period will experience all of the following except ____.
an increasing number of working taxpayers
The primary reason why southern sea otter recovery is important is because they ____.
are a keystone species
Most ecologists now recognize that mature, late-successional ecosystems ____.
are in a state of continual disturbance and change*
When populations of two different species interact over long periods of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other. What is this called?
coevolution
__________ occurs when an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other?
commensalism
Plants such as bromeliads share a commensalism interaction with large trees in tropical and subtropical forests by attaching to the trunks or branches of the trees. The bromeliads are an example of ____.
epiphytes
The situation in which one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements and often, less suitable for itself, is called ____.
facilitation
The world's first national ____ program began in India in 1952.
family planning
Countries that have reached zero population growth have an age structure diagram that ____.
has little variation in prereproductive and reproductive age groups
________ is when Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can prevent the growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum conditions.
limiting factor
Exponential growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size stabilizes is typical of ____.
logistic growth
Grasslands have ____ and can burn easily.
low inertia
The relationship between bacteria that live in the digestive systems of animals, such as humans, is ____.
mutualism
The relationship between clownfish and sea anemone is called ____.
mutualism
When two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource, it is called ____.
mutualism
Species can, over a long period of time, develop adaptations that allow them to reduce or avoid competition by sharing resources. This is called ____.
resource partitioning
Kelp forests are composed of large concentrations of a(n) ____.
seaweed
________ is succession that begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, and that contains soil or bottom sediment
secondary succession
The exponential rate of growth of the total human population over the past 100 years has been a result of ____.
sharp drop in death rates
Kelp forests help reduce ____ by blunting the force of incoming waves and trapping some of the outgoing sand.
shore erosion
Kelp forests are a very important ecosystem in marine waters by supporting important biodiversity. These kelp forests are threatened by all of the following except _____.
southern sea otters
The capacity to withstand external stress and disturbance is called ____.
stability*
What shape in an age-structure chart would best illustrate the effects of the baby-boom in the United States in 2012?
stable base w/ slight bulge near the top
Women are least likely to have fewer and healthier children when ____.
they marry at a young age
Late successional plants are largely unaffected by plants at earlier stages of succession because they are not in direct competition for resources, a factor called ____.
tolerance
The total fertility rate is the ____.
total number of children born to women in their reproductive years.
_________ is not considered a form of nondestructive behavior.
using the energy or body of another organisms as a food source
The non-poisonous ____ butterfly gains protection by looking like the bad-tasting ____ butterfly, which is a protective device known as ____.
viceroy; monarch; mimicry