AP Environmental Midterm 2

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five islands differ only in size distance from mainland, area, and species diversity. which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity

(B) close and big

If a city of population 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants, and 30 emigrants in the course of a year, what is its net annual percentage growth rate?

0.4%

Approximate efficiency of the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis

1%

Which of the following shows the approximate concentration of co2 n2 and o2 in dry air

1% 78% 21%

if a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1000 and a crude death rate 8 per 1000 the natural annual percent increase of population is

1.6

The maximum efficiency possible in an energy-conversion process that is not limited by the second law of thermodynamics

100%

in 2007 in the united states there were approximately 480 cars for every 1000 people. the total number of cars in the united states in 2007 was closest to

150000000 (half US population)

What was the approximate percent increase in consumption from 1986 to 1997 (chart)

20%

the net annual primary productivity of a particular wetland ecosystem is found to be 8000 kcal/m2 per year. if respiration by the aquatic producers is 12000 kcal/m2 per year, what is the gross annual primary productivity for this ecosystem in kcal/m2 per year

20000

Approximate efficiency of an average coal-fired power plant

30%

At the 1997 rate of consumption about how long will the estimated 2000 billion barrels of oil last (Chart)

75 years

The current global pop is about 6 billion and is growing at an annual rate of 1.35 percent. If world pop were to grow at this rate for the next year, approximately how many peeps would be added

8X10^7

Approximate percentage of electrical energy converted to heat in the average incandescent lightbulb

95%

By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion. If the current population trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth?

Africa and asia

Plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions for use in making molecules such as DNA, amino acids, and protiens

Assimilation

The location where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary (Map)

Atlantic ocean

Country with the greatest percentage of land area affected by desertification

Australia

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas that is produced by domestic livestock

CH4

The colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas from the exhaust is called:

Carbon Monoxide

Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature

Carbon sinks include forests and oceans

Mandates the restoration and maintenance of the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nations waters

Clean Water Act

Which three sources supply the majority of commercial energy in the world today?

Coal, oil, and natural gas

An industry uses natural gas for manufacturing and uses the waste heat to produce electricity. This is an example of which of the following processes?

Cogeneration

The rapid rate of this process in tropic forests results in Low-Nutrient soils

Decomposition

The process by which a soil nutrient is reduced and released to the atmosphere as a gas

Denitrification

Which of the following human activities is most closely associated which the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer

Disposal of refrigerators and air conditioners

If wastewater treatment plant effluent that contains nitrates and phosphates is allowed to flow into a body of water, which of the following may result?

Eutrophication

emitted from most manufactured building materials and furniture

Formaldehyde

Which of the following statements about genetic diversity is true

Genetic resistance to pests and diseases can be increased by crossing a crop plant with ancestral varieties

Which of the following energy sources is not derived directly or indirectly from solar energy

Geothermal

The greatest amount of freshwater is found in which of the following

Glaciers

The most commonly used measure of the economic growth of a country is which of the following

Gross national Product

The intraplate location where hot spot volcanism is occurring

Hawaii

Critics of incineration of municipal solid waste suggest that it may not be the best solution for the future, for which of the following reasons?

Incineration contributes to air pollution

Factors contributing to the rise in world hunger include all of the following except

Increasing consumption of vegetable protein in place of meat protein

Which of the following would likely reduce the threats posed by exotic species to native species

Increasing inspections of goods coming into a country enforcing legislation that restricts imported materials such as untreated wooden packaging crates (1 and 3)

The factor that likely poses the greatest threat of extinction of species worldwide is

Increasing loss of habitat

The most abundant element in Earths Core

Iron

A country with an age distribution like that shown in the figure above is most likely a country that

Is experiencing slow or no population growth

Negative environmental impacts associated with large-scale hydroelectric projects have been demonstrated in which of the following areas?

James bay, Quebec

The location where one tectonic plate is being forced beneath another, creating a volcanic arc (Map)

Japan

which city regularly experiences the worst levels of photochemical smog enhanced by thermal inversions

LA, california

In the United States, most municiple solid waste is disposed of by

Landfilling

Found in old plumbing piper and fixtures and some ceramic glazes

Lead

Implicated in human neurological damage

Lead

Ammonia is converted to nitrite, then to nitrate

Nitrification

The most abundant element in Earths Atmosphere

Nitrogen

Nitrate ions and nitrite ions are converted into nitrous oxide gas and nitrogen gas N2

Nitrogen Fixation

Which of the following is likely to minimize soil erosion

No-till agriculture

The most abundant element in Earths Crust

Oxygen

Considered harmful in the troposphere but beneficial in the stratosphere

Ozone

Which of the following is an effective alternative to chlorine for disinfecting wastewater in a municipal treatment plant

Ozone

Is the major pollutant that electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove from the power plant smokestack emissions

Particulates

The water-holding capacity of soil is LEAST likely to be affected by the addition of which of the following

Pesticide

The process in which glucose is synthesized by plants

Photosynthesis

in a tropical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following

Providing habitats

An advantage of recycling aluminum rather than disposing of it in landfills is that aluminum can be

Recycled metal using much less energy than is required for its production from aluminum ore

Which of the following is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society

Reduced birth rates

Establishes cradle to grave tracking of hazardous waste

Resource conservation and recovery act

Country with the largest area of boreal forests

Russia

Requires minimum safety standards for community water supplies

Safe water drinking act

of the following countries which has the largest proven reserves of strategic metals such as manganese chromium and platinum

South Africa

During which stage of the demographic transition shown above does air pollution begin to experience an explosive increase in growth

Stage 2 (Sharp decrease of death rate)

The beneficial ozone layer is in this region of the atmosphere

Stratosphere

Most often cited as the causative factor for acid deposition

Sulfur Dioxide

Which of the following describes a fundamental characteristic of the green revolution in food resources

The development of new strains of crops with higher yealds

Represents the growth of a population predicted by the logistic model

The line that goes up then flat

Represents the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a long-term basis

The straight line on the graph

Which of the following factors is fundamentally responsible for seasons on Earth

The tilt of Earths axis of rotation

Country with the largest area of temperate deciduous forest

The united states of america

The presence of fecal coliform bacteria in a sample of river water suggests which of the following

The water is contaminated with animal waste

The polar regions radiate away more heat than they recieve from the sun in the course of a year. However, they are prevented from becoming progressivly colder each year because

Transport of heat through the atmosphere and oceans

Most oxygen is found in this layer of the atmosphere

Troposphere

The phenomenon causing global warming occurs primarily in this region of the atmosphere

Troposphere

Which of the following best helps to explain why phosphorus is often a limiting factor in many ecosystems

Under many conditions, phosphorus forms stable insoluble compounds

A large forested area is fragmented into small forest tracts separated by agricultural areas. This change will most likely lead to

a decrease in in gene flow within species of the original forest

The element commercially extracted from bauxite

aluminum

Composed of fibers known to cause lung disease

asbestos

Which of the following world regions contain the greatest area of rain forest

brazil and indonesia

As urbanization increases and natural soil surfaces are covered, the groundwater supply is reduced due to

confinement of aquifers

which of the following best exemplifies population momentum

continued growth of a population after fertility drops to replacement level

possible effects of a warmer atmosphere include which of the following

expanded ranges of tropical diseases more intense hurricanes and typhoons increased crop damage from pests and diseases (All three)

which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics

in a closed system of constant mass the energy involved in any physical or chemical change is neither created nor destroyed but merely changed from one form to another

Rachel carsons contributions to the environment include which of the following

increased public awareness of the risks of using pesticides

the three main anthropogenic sources of gaseous air pollutants in the united states are

industry transportation and energy production

which of the following best illustrates an abiotic component of the environment affecting a biotic component of the environment

low phosphorus content in soil limits the growth of vegetation

A state highway was constructed over wetlands. The state obtained a permit to fill the existing wetlands in accordance with the provisions of the clean water act of '72, and agreed to create another wet land. This trade off approach to addressing an environmental issue is known as

mitigation

When a rain forest is slashed and burned, the local concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. This is primarily due to

oxidation of carbon compounds

of the following strategies to decrease the landfill volume of packaging material from food and other consumer products the most energy efficient is

promoting the use of reusable containers for consumer goods

an integrated pest management approach to pest control emphasizes which of the following

reduction of crop damage to to an economically tolerable level

Overuse of groundwater in coastal areas would most likely result in

saltwater intrusion

Most municipal solid waste in the united states is disposed of in

sanitary landfills

which of the following best illustrates point source pollution

smokestack emissions from a large smelting company

which is true about noise pollution

sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss

Information gathered by a scientist about the toxicity of chemical X and chemical Y showed that they had individual safe limits for fish at particular concentrations. but when they were used together at the safe conc. there were extensive fish kills

synergism

Which of the following best exemplifies global collaboration for a sustainable environment

the Montreal protocol

pollution is considered an external cost only when

the cost of the environment is not reflected in the price of the products to produce the pollution

Represents the biotic potential of the species

the exponential line

What two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country's population?

the life expectancy and infant mortality rate

A sustainable society would emphasize

using energy efficiently and reusing and recycling matter


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