AP Environmental Midterm 2
five islands differ only in size distance from mainland, area, and species diversity. which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity
(B) close and big
If a city of population 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants, and 30 emigrants in the course of a year, what is its net annual percentage growth rate?
0.4%
Approximate efficiency of the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis
1%
Which of the following shows the approximate concentration of co2 n2 and o2 in dry air
1% 78% 21%
if a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1000 and a crude death rate 8 per 1000 the natural annual percent increase of population is
1.6
The maximum efficiency possible in an energy-conversion process that is not limited by the second law of thermodynamics
100%
in 2007 in the united states there were approximately 480 cars for every 1000 people. the total number of cars in the united states in 2007 was closest to
150000000 (half US population)
What was the approximate percent increase in consumption from 1986 to 1997 (chart)
20%
the net annual primary productivity of a particular wetland ecosystem is found to be 8000 kcal/m2 per year. if respiration by the aquatic producers is 12000 kcal/m2 per year, what is the gross annual primary productivity for this ecosystem in kcal/m2 per year
20000
Approximate efficiency of an average coal-fired power plant
30%
At the 1997 rate of consumption about how long will the estimated 2000 billion barrels of oil last (Chart)
75 years
The current global pop is about 6 billion and is growing at an annual rate of 1.35 percent. If world pop were to grow at this rate for the next year, approximately how many peeps would be added
8X10^7
Approximate percentage of electrical energy converted to heat in the average incandescent lightbulb
95%
By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion. If the current population trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth?
Africa and asia
Plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions for use in making molecules such as DNA, amino acids, and protiens
Assimilation
The location where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary (Map)
Atlantic ocean
Country with the greatest percentage of land area affected by desertification
Australia
Which of the following is a greenhouse gas that is produced by domestic livestock
CH4
The colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas from the exhaust is called:
Carbon Monoxide
Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature
Carbon sinks include forests and oceans
Mandates the restoration and maintenance of the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nations waters
Clean Water Act
Which three sources supply the majority of commercial energy in the world today?
Coal, oil, and natural gas
An industry uses natural gas for manufacturing and uses the waste heat to produce electricity. This is an example of which of the following processes?
Cogeneration
The rapid rate of this process in tropic forests results in Low-Nutrient soils
Decomposition
The process by which a soil nutrient is reduced and released to the atmosphere as a gas
Denitrification
Which of the following human activities is most closely associated which the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer
Disposal of refrigerators and air conditioners
If wastewater treatment plant effluent that contains nitrates and phosphates is allowed to flow into a body of water, which of the following may result?
Eutrophication
emitted from most manufactured building materials and furniture
Formaldehyde
Which of the following statements about genetic diversity is true
Genetic resistance to pests and diseases can be increased by crossing a crop plant with ancestral varieties
Which of the following energy sources is not derived directly or indirectly from solar energy
Geothermal
The greatest amount of freshwater is found in which of the following
Glaciers
The most commonly used measure of the economic growth of a country is which of the following
Gross national Product
The intraplate location where hot spot volcanism is occurring
Hawaii
Critics of incineration of municipal solid waste suggest that it may not be the best solution for the future, for which of the following reasons?
Incineration contributes to air pollution
Factors contributing to the rise in world hunger include all of the following except
Increasing consumption of vegetable protein in place of meat protein
Which of the following would likely reduce the threats posed by exotic species to native species
Increasing inspections of goods coming into a country enforcing legislation that restricts imported materials such as untreated wooden packaging crates (1 and 3)
The factor that likely poses the greatest threat of extinction of species worldwide is
Increasing loss of habitat
The most abundant element in Earths Core
Iron
A country with an age distribution like that shown in the figure above is most likely a country that
Is experiencing slow or no population growth
Negative environmental impacts associated with large-scale hydroelectric projects have been demonstrated in which of the following areas?
James bay, Quebec
The location where one tectonic plate is being forced beneath another, creating a volcanic arc (Map)
Japan
which city regularly experiences the worst levels of photochemical smog enhanced by thermal inversions
LA, california
In the United States, most municiple solid waste is disposed of by
Landfilling
Found in old plumbing piper and fixtures and some ceramic glazes
Lead
Implicated in human neurological damage
Lead
Ammonia is converted to nitrite, then to nitrate
Nitrification
The most abundant element in Earths Atmosphere
Nitrogen
Nitrate ions and nitrite ions are converted into nitrous oxide gas and nitrogen gas N2
Nitrogen Fixation
Which of the following is likely to minimize soil erosion
No-till agriculture
The most abundant element in Earths Crust
Oxygen
Considered harmful in the troposphere but beneficial in the stratosphere
Ozone
Which of the following is an effective alternative to chlorine for disinfecting wastewater in a municipal treatment plant
Ozone
Is the major pollutant that electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove from the power plant smokestack emissions
Particulates
The water-holding capacity of soil is LEAST likely to be affected by the addition of which of the following
Pesticide
The process in which glucose is synthesized by plants
Photosynthesis
in a tropical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following
Providing habitats
An advantage of recycling aluminum rather than disposing of it in landfills is that aluminum can be
Recycled metal using much less energy than is required for its production from aluminum ore
Which of the following is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society
Reduced birth rates
Establishes cradle to grave tracking of hazardous waste
Resource conservation and recovery act
Country with the largest area of boreal forests
Russia
Requires minimum safety standards for community water supplies
Safe water drinking act
of the following countries which has the largest proven reserves of strategic metals such as manganese chromium and platinum
South Africa
During which stage of the demographic transition shown above does air pollution begin to experience an explosive increase in growth
Stage 2 (Sharp decrease of death rate)
The beneficial ozone layer is in this region of the atmosphere
Stratosphere
Most often cited as the causative factor for acid deposition
Sulfur Dioxide
Which of the following describes a fundamental characteristic of the green revolution in food resources
The development of new strains of crops with higher yealds
Represents the growth of a population predicted by the logistic model
The line that goes up then flat
Represents the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a long-term basis
The straight line on the graph
Which of the following factors is fundamentally responsible for seasons on Earth
The tilt of Earths axis of rotation
Country with the largest area of temperate deciduous forest
The united states of america
The presence of fecal coliform bacteria in a sample of river water suggests which of the following
The water is contaminated with animal waste
The polar regions radiate away more heat than they recieve from the sun in the course of a year. However, they are prevented from becoming progressivly colder each year because
Transport of heat through the atmosphere and oceans
Most oxygen is found in this layer of the atmosphere
Troposphere
The phenomenon causing global warming occurs primarily in this region of the atmosphere
Troposphere
Which of the following best helps to explain why phosphorus is often a limiting factor in many ecosystems
Under many conditions, phosphorus forms stable insoluble compounds
A large forested area is fragmented into small forest tracts separated by agricultural areas. This change will most likely lead to
a decrease in in gene flow within species of the original forest
The element commercially extracted from bauxite
aluminum
Composed of fibers known to cause lung disease
asbestos
Which of the following world regions contain the greatest area of rain forest
brazil and indonesia
As urbanization increases and natural soil surfaces are covered, the groundwater supply is reduced due to
confinement of aquifers
which of the following best exemplifies population momentum
continued growth of a population after fertility drops to replacement level
possible effects of a warmer atmosphere include which of the following
expanded ranges of tropical diseases more intense hurricanes and typhoons increased crop damage from pests and diseases (All three)
which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics
in a closed system of constant mass the energy involved in any physical or chemical change is neither created nor destroyed but merely changed from one form to another
Rachel carsons contributions to the environment include which of the following
increased public awareness of the risks of using pesticides
the three main anthropogenic sources of gaseous air pollutants in the united states are
industry transportation and energy production
which of the following best illustrates an abiotic component of the environment affecting a biotic component of the environment
low phosphorus content in soil limits the growth of vegetation
A state highway was constructed over wetlands. The state obtained a permit to fill the existing wetlands in accordance with the provisions of the clean water act of '72, and agreed to create another wet land. This trade off approach to addressing an environmental issue is known as
mitigation
When a rain forest is slashed and burned, the local concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. This is primarily due to
oxidation of carbon compounds
of the following strategies to decrease the landfill volume of packaging material from food and other consumer products the most energy efficient is
promoting the use of reusable containers for consumer goods
an integrated pest management approach to pest control emphasizes which of the following
reduction of crop damage to to an economically tolerable level
Overuse of groundwater in coastal areas would most likely result in
saltwater intrusion
Most municipal solid waste in the united states is disposed of in
sanitary landfills
which of the following best illustrates point source pollution
smokestack emissions from a large smelting company
which is true about noise pollution
sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss
Information gathered by a scientist about the toxicity of chemical X and chemical Y showed that they had individual safe limits for fish at particular concentrations. but when they were used together at the safe conc. there were extensive fish kills
synergism
Which of the following best exemplifies global collaboration for a sustainable environment
the Montreal protocol
pollution is considered an external cost only when
the cost of the environment is not reflected in the price of the products to produce the pollution
Represents the biotic potential of the species
the exponential line
What two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country's population?
the life expectancy and infant mortality rate
A sustainable society would emphasize
using energy efficiently and reusing and recycling matter
