AP Euro 16th Century Society and Expansion

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Long 16th Century

1450-1650 population boom

Tudor Dynasty

1485-1603 Henry VII gained power and ended wars of nobility/"livery and maintenence". Established Courty of Star Chamber that tortured nobles.

"Golden Age of Spain"

1500 - 1600. Newfound wealth from American explorations bring in high point of Spanish military might, art and culture.

Concordat of Bologna

1516 - Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Middle Class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Joint-Stock Companies

Companies that financed the settlement of America.

Bartolome de las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476

Amerigo Vespucci

Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America

Valois

French royal house from 1328 to 1589, lasted until Henry IV

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

Christopher Colombus

Italian explorer in service with Spain who arrived in the Americas in 1492.

Conversos

Jews who had converted to Christianity but were now suspected of backsliding into Judaism

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806, first emperor was Charlemagne

"god, glory, gold"

Motives for exploration in all European countries

Hermandades

Popular groups in Spanish towns given royal authority to serve as local police forces and as judicial tribunals with the goal of reducing aristocratic violence.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain

Bartholomew Dias

Sailed to Cape of Good hope

Treaty of Tordesillas

Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519)

Maximilian I

The Holy Roman Emperor that attempted to centralize the administration by creating new institutions common to the entire empire, but he was successful in marriage alliances.

Asiento

The Slave Trade. First intruduced by Portugal in Brazil to farm sugar plantations where an estimated 50 million Africans died o became slaves during the 17th and 18th century

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans

New Monarchs

The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means.

Smallpox

a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars

Antwerp

a port in northern Belgium on the Scheldt river where people gathered to trade goods

Encomienda System

priviledge given by Spain to Spanish settlers in the Americas which allowed to control the lands and people of a certain territory

witch hunts

spread by religious reformers' preachings about the Devil and severe economic hardships (1560-1660)

War of the Roses

struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII

Taille

tax on property and land, provided permanent income for French royal government

Spanish Inquisition

the Inquisition that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries)

Tomas de Torquemada

the Spaniard who as Grand Inquisitor was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews and suspected witches during the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498)

Commercial Revolution

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Bourse

the stock exchange in Paris

Louis XI

This king of France contributed the most to the consolidation of France. He was often under-estimated as he didn't buy into flashy fashions, and as a result was greatly successful. As many men of the French nobility were killed fighting England and each other, and law dictated that estates without male heirs were inherited by the crown, Louis XI accumulated a great deal of land. He acquired Anjou, Maine, and Bourbon when they had no male heirs, and Brittany and Orleans by arranging marriages involving his children. "spider king"

Francis Xavier

This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity

Francis I

This was the French king who reached an agreement with Pope Leo X and allowed the French king to select French bishops and abbots

Ferdinand and Isabella

This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

Hapsburgs

This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary

Hanseatic League

a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas

Price Revolution

a dramatic rise in prices (inflation). A major problem in europe in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, causes economic collapse in Spain

Star Chamber

a former English court that became notorious for its arbitrary methods and severe punishments

Syphilis

an STD that attacks many parts of the body and is caused by a small bacterium called a spirochete

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Potato

an edible tuber native to South America

"Old Imperialism"

characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations

Creoles

descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status

Martin Behaim

german cartographer; earliest globe

Alphonse de Albuquerque

governor of england. laid foundation to portuguese imperialism