AP Euro 2017 Fall Final Study Guide Mckay Ch. 15-21
One of the largest rebellions in 17th century Russia was led by...
Emelian Pugachev (a Cossack)
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a...
A clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs
Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of debt patronage:
A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep laborers or slaves in debt by giving them more food, shelter or loaning money to them periodically. This allowed them to keep them working longer. This was used by wealthy Spanish landowners to keep indigenous workers on their estates
What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?
A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed
How did governments respond to the new science?
As governments support and direct research, the new scientific community became closely tied to the state and its agendas States established academies of science to support and sometimes control scientific research
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as...
Bacon formalized the empirical method, which had already been used by Brahe and Galileo, into the general theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism Empiricism: a theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation Bacon's work led to the widespread adoption of what was called "experimental philosophy" in England after his death
How did industry grow in continental Europe?
Belgium lead continental Europe in adopting British Technology for production
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?
Charles I attempted to govern without Parliament and finance his government by emergency taxes
Political power in Dutch was...
Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on...
Destroying the Catholic Habsburgs' grip on territories that surrounded France
Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because
Educated Europeans and Americans cherished Greek classical culture; Russians admired the piety of their Orthodox brethren. Writers and artists were moved by Romantic impulse, responded enthusiastically to the plight of the Greeks
Who were the Luddites?
English workers who destroyed machinery that they believed was threatening their jobs and protested against industrialization during the 19th century
In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?
Extensive cultivation of potatoes
In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?
Farming and agriculture
Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?
France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its knowledge and international reputation
Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?
France lacked a central bank and paper currency
Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the...
Fronde
Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?
Great Britain expected the American colonies to help pay for the expenses incurred during the Seven Years' War, which protected the colonies from the French.
What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?
Growth in armed forces
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's 32 districts
Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?
He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it.
In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that...
Human beliefs had been extremely varied and very often mistaken, he concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt (skepticism)
Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
In England, the mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as British trade with its colonies grew substantially
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that...
Individual freedom, strict gender roles, in his book: general will and popular sovereignty
The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
Industrial dominance of Britain
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?
Initially pleased by France's weakening, then threatened by it's radical message.
How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?
It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives
Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?
It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind
In the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect?
It's importance in community life.
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of...
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of...
Johann Sebastian Bach
The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by...
John Locke (1690) protecting rights of life, liberty, and property
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was...
London
How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Phillip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united
In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832
Made representation (votes) in parliament better reflect the population of each borough (district (kind of like a state))
How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?
Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
Open field system. Crop rotation. Wider variety of crops and food. Drained swamps which had rich soil. All of these led to an increase in food production and population
What was the most important influence on the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain?
Political competition between the aristocracy in the middle class
After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at...
Poltava (Ukraine)
The industrious revolution was a result of
Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time in the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods
Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?
Portugal
Copernicus's theory of the universe...
Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
What did Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820?
Principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened causes restoration of Italian regime
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
Produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies
In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by
Revolutionary actions by French peasants and the common people of Paris
Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?
Robespierre brought lists of people to be sent to the guillotine to the conventions. One day he came with the list but didn't state who was going to die so the radicals took him and imprisoned him. Later they tried him and sent him to the guillotine
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as...
Rococo
Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?
Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?
Scientific racism helped legitimate and justify the tremendous growth of slavery that occurred during the eighteenth century
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to...
Teach people how to think critically and objectively about all matters; "change general way of thinking"
In 1848, what reform did the French government refuse that created a sense of class injustice?
The French government refused to consider electoral reform, and people did not have voting rights if they were lower class
What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: Maria Theresa retains the Austrian, Bohemian and Hungarian thrones and her husband, Francis of Lorraine, is confirmed as Holy Roman Emperor
As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?
The chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints
Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?
The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will. Children were paid less for dangerous jobs. Children had little-to-no protection from abuse
The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?
The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor
Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to
The necessity to provide for a densely populated country
At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that...
The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve living conditions
What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?
The right to vote for all adult men
Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about
Their inability to directly supervise and direct the work of rural laborers
How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?
They modeled their rule after the Mongol Khans
Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793?
They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island.
Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?
They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible
How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?
They were more inexperienced and radical.
A young woman entering domestic service could expect
To work hard on an endless array of jobs
What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?
Utopian socialism schemes were too fanciful, his "scientific" socialism was realistic
Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion...
Was a noblewoman with a passion for science, translated Newton's Principia into French and wanted women to be able to participate in the rights of humankind (the intellect)
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry
The romantic movement was characterized by
a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination
When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to
a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to...
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
by violent revolution
The religious revival movement known as Pietism
called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience. Christian revival movement that stressed Bible study, new birth conversion, and a devout life. Started as an attempt to reform the German Lutheran Church and resulted in the German Pietist immigrants playing a major role in the religious revival in mid-18th century (1750s) with beliefs similar to the methodists
The reformer Robert Owens sought to
create a single large national union for British workers
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures that may have helped reduce death rates in eighteenth century Europe included:
drainage of swamps inoculation against smallpox in England (vaccination) improved urban sewage systems cleaner water supplies
In the nineteenth century, what did Eugène Delacroix's work typically feature?
dramatic, colorful scenes
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe
Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor
improved only after 1850
Victor Hugo's political evolution was exactly the opposite of Wordsworth's,
in whom youthful radicalism gave way to middle-aged caution
The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded
political and social rights for the lower classes
According to Joseph Proudhon in the nineteenth century, property was
profit stolen from workers
The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility
Which social groups comprised the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in Central Europe?
students and urban workers
What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
that all men have the right to vote
What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
the rural poor worked for low wages
The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method
to discover what actually occurred in nature rather than speculating on what should occur
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
usually a response to the wishes of the families.
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
were guided by the principle of the balance of power
