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30 Years War

(1618-1648), in European history, a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Its destructive campaigns and battles occurred over most of Europe, and, when it ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the map of Europe had been irrevocably changed.

War of Spanish Succession

(1701-1713) war over the successor of Charles II "the sufferer"; Charles had selected Philip V Bourbon, his grand-nephew and Louis XIV's grandson to succeed him, going against a previous agreement that he would be succeeded by an Austrian; an alliance of European powers with troops led by Eugene, Prince of Savoy, and John Churchill fought against French and Spanish troops; the war ended with the Peace of Utrecht

Louis XIII

1610-1643; inherited throne at very young age; ruthless and cruel to nobility; appointed Cardinal Richelieu as president of council of ministers who consolidated French power to the throne; restricted Edict of Nantes; no power to tax

Peace of Westphalia

1648 Ended the Thirty Years War; recognized Dutch Indepence, extended terms of the Peace of Augsburg to Calvinists, weakend the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; turning point in European political, religious, social history

Peace of Utrecht

1713); a series of Treaties concluding the Spanish succession - 1st series signed between France and other European powers; 2nd signed between Spain and other European powers -recognized Queen Anne as British soveriegn, Victor Amadeus II as king of Sicily, and Frederick I royal title -Spain gave Gibraltar to England; gave Britain largest commercial spoils (made Britain world leader)

Catholic League

A Radical Catholic group under Henry Guise created to destroy the Huguenots and put a good Catholic (Guise) on the throne

"Robe Nobles"

A class of hereditary nobles who acquired their rank through holding a high state office. Their name was derived from the robes worn by officials.

Fronde

A series of revolts by French nobles against the authority of Louis XIV, Cardinal Jules Mazarin, and Anne of Austria triggered by objections to high taxes and increasing royal power. Fronde was the name of a child slingshot game. The Fronde was divided into two campaigns, the Fronde of the parlements and the Fronde of the nobles.[1] The timing of the outbreak of the Fronde des parlements, directly after the Peace of Westphalia (1648) that ended the Thirty Years War, was significant. The nuclei of the armed bands that terrorized parts of France under aristocratic leaders during this period had been hardened in a generation of war in Germany, where troops still tended to operate autonomously. Louis XIV, impressed as a young ruler with the experience of the Fronde, came to reorganize French fighting forces under a stricter hierarchy whose leaders ultimately could be made or unmade by the King. Thus the Fronde finally resulted in the disempowerment of the territorial aristocracy and the emergence of absolute monarchy. to resist the king by arms.

Grand Alliance

Alliance opposing the combining of France and Spain which consisted of England, Holland, the Empire, Prussia. 1701

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. Predominant in 17th and 18th centuries.

Charles I

Beleived in the divine right of kings; Could not get funds from parliament then tried to force subjects to load him money and imprisoned refusers; ruled England without parliament for 11 years...supported archbishop Laud's efforts to suppress Puritanism...executed by Parliament

Protestant Union

Formed by Fredrick IV to repel Habsburg religious and political policies, impacting the northern regions negatively.

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Marquis de Louvois

He was the minister of the military for Louis XIV following the Treaty of the Pyrenees. He created a very organized and powerful army. He introduced more ranks in the armies,got rid of the idea of that you had to be part of a certain family to fight, and heavily recruited mercenaries.

Cardinal Marzarin

Hired by Anne of Austria to help run France, used the same policies as Richelieu, but wasn't Richelieu, so the Fronde occurred which was a rebellion against his policies, and he fled from France

Cardinal Richelieu

Known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister" (Louis XIII). He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance in the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers in attempting to achieve his goals.

Christian IV

Lutheran kind of Denmark; sent troops to protect protestants

Albert Wallenstein

Raised a Protestant, but claimed to have converted.He raised a large mercenary army to fight for the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.

Gustavus Adolphus

The king of Sweden during the Thirty Years' War. he was responsible for reviving Swedent and transforming it into a great Baltic power. He was also a military genius. He brought a disciplined and well equipped army to northern Germany. There, theydeeated thebimperial forces. Although they won the a battle of Lutzen, they lost Adolphus, who wa killed. He was also the one who fame up with the first standing army of conscripts. The infantry brigades were composed of equal numbers of pikemen and musketeers, which stood six men deep. They also used salvo, which is when all the rows fired at the same time. He also used the cavalry in a more mobile fashionl and he also used lighter infantry, which made it easier to move in war. His success led to imitation.

Louis XIV

Was known as the Sun King, was the king who increased the power of the intendants at the expense of the nobility.

Divine Right of Kings

is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.

Great Chain of being

strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by God

Absolutism

the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

the controller of general finances. His central principle was that the wealth and the economy of France should serve the state and he rigorously applied mercantilism to France. He believed that France should be self sufficient and supported both new and old French industries. He abolished many domestic tariffs and enacted high foreign tariffs. He also created a powerful French merchant marine