AP Euro

"The Human Comedy" by Honore de Balgar "Pere Goriot" "Madame Bovary" by Gustave Flaubert "Germinal" by Emile Zola

All realism literature, shows how life really is and doesnt try to sweeten it up, shows that people are really seeing the problems in society

positivist method

Comte's scientific method, had to do with sociology to discover eternal laws of human relations *colossal achievement, would later enable expert social scientists to impose a disciplined harmony on less enlightened people

Edwin Chadwick

English reformer, Benthamite, believed reason for poverty was disease so cities should be cleaned up and have sewer system put in because he thought bad smells (poop) was reason for disease *his ideas were basis for Great Britain's first public health laws, gave cities power to build modern sanitary systems which later spread to the rest of Europe

Joseph Lister

English surgeon who realized that aerial bacteria is what caused wound infections, and started putting antiseptic on dressings, came up with antiseptic principle *leads to other things being cleaned, and medical world gets a lot better, death rate goes way down

Georges Haussman

French baron who Napoleon III hired to redo Paris, he built wide boulevards that went out from the middle of the city and tore everything down to do it *living standards got better, no more successful uprisings, beginning of urban renewals in Europe, sickness goes down, beginning of modern world, becomes model for urban expansion

Louis Pasteur

French chemist who was studying fermentation for brewery, and found organisms living in it, created Germ Theory of Disease, said they were reason for disease and the way to get rid of them was through heat *Came up with Germ Theory of Disease, and pasteurization, major scientific breakthrough, other scientists started studyying germs,death rates go down, medical world changes

Auguste Comte

French philosopher, system builder, wrote six-volume "System of Positive Philosophy", realistic philosophy, history is progress and there are three stages: theological (we believe all answers come from religion), metaphysical (we start asking questions, but reasoning is off), and scientific (start answering questions correctly through reason and science) *shows how science is becoming more and more important than religion, glorification of science, exemplifies 19th century fascination with evolution and dynamic development

antiseptic principle

Lister's principle stating that the reason wounds get infected is aerial bacteria, used disinfectant on wound dressing and started cleaning all instruments *it got other doctors to do the same, medical world changed, and death rates went down

Sigmund Freud

Viennese founder of psychoanalysis, found that childhood memories often affected later life, but you don't realize it because of defense mechanisms *shows family structure and family's kids became more and more seperated from family, class difference, reflects tremendous emotional intensity in family in 19th centuryz

Law of Conservation of Energy

law that energy can be converted but not created or destroyed *shows that physical world is governed by firm unchanging laws

"On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection"

book written by Charles Darwin that says that organisms change over their lifetime to adapt to their environment in order to survive, only the ones who adapt will survive and reproduce *leads to social Darwinism, shows science is becoming more influential

organic chemistry

branch of chemistry that has to do with study of compounds of carbon, helped with industrialization because by studying this Michael Faraway was able to make first generator *shows that science was becoming more popular and helped with solid economic growth

thermodynamics

branch of physics investigating relationship between heat and mechanical energy, later applied to mechanical engineering, chemical process, and many other fields *shows growing emergence of science esp.. to do with industrialization, shows that the physical world was governed by firm, unchangiing laws

germ theory of disease

by Louis Pasteur, says that organisms found in beer cause disease *huge scientific breakthrough, death rates went way down, and miasmatic theory was weakened

"The Brothers Karamazov"

by Russian Feodor Dostoevski, about four brothers who destroy their father, at murder trial one says "Who doesn't wish his father dead?" *shows resentment of parents from kids because thye smother them

Michael Faraday

man who studied electromagnetism in 1830's and 40's,comes up with first generator *leads to invention of a bunch of new stuff, promoted economic growth, step towards new world

"My Secret Life"

eleven-volume autobiographythat was written by an anonymous English adventurer that is about the life of a middle class man who spends his whole life pursuing his sexual fantasies *shows how middle class life was dirty and sexual even though you wouldnt normally think so

Social Darwinists

esp. popular in Upper Class, should be no welfare, let poor die out, survival of the fittest, more progress should come (all of their beliefs) *modern immigration laws are based on the belief, and shows class conciousness

Electric Streetccar

first used in America, invented in 1890's, but then brought over to Europe to replace horse drawn carriage, cheaper, faster, more dependable, comfortable *helped making cities more spread out and sanitary, lowered death rates, better living conditions

Benthamite

follower of radical philosopher, Jeremy Bentham who said public problems should be dealt with rationally and scientifically, "greatest good for the greatest number" *affected Chadwick, got cities to start cleaning up

Charles Lyell

geologist who's theory of geography successfully discredited the most believed theory that the earth was shaped by sudden changes, such as the ones stated in the Bible, and by his principle of uniformitarianism said that it changed gradually over a really long time *shows people are being more open minded to new ideas, and that people are becoming more interested in the world, and relying less on religion, influence of science is growing

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

had view on biological development, said that kids would inherit traits that parents had gained over their lifetimes, but he was wrong, all life had come through long process of continuation to survive *even though he was wrong, he influenced Darwin and led the way for him

Herbert Spencer

he was a Social Darwinist who believed in "survival of the fittest", disciple of Augustus Comte, saw human race as driven to get better *he advocated ideas of Social Darwinism

labor aristocracy

highly skilled workers, made up 15% of working class, made more money, usually managers or supervisors in factories, devoted to family and economic improvement *shows there are different classes within classes and they set moral code for working class

seperate spheres

men and women are seperated by spheres, wife is homemakes, husband is breadwinner, women are treated unfairly under law, but did have some power in the household, actually made it a home *shows how gender roles were in society in 19th century, led to feminist movement, caused better family relationships

illigitimacy explosion

occurred between 1750-1850, premarital sex, shows difference in classes because lower class couldnt marry, were financially unstable, saw nothing wrong with illigitimate babies *shows class difference, effects of industrialization and protestantism, later illegitimate births went down, shows growing respectability of working class

Realism

popular lit. to show life as it actually was, movement began in France *shows how important real life and science has become

Pasteurization

process of heating liquid to kill germs, named after Louis Pasteur *huge breakthrough, lowered death rates, shows scientific knowledge is expanding rapidly

Charles Darwin

scientist who studied animals in Latin America, and wrote "On the Origin of Species" about how animals evolve to adapt to their environment to survive *shows how important science is, leads to Social Darwinism

miasmatic theory

theory that bad smells is what causes disease, later weakened and proved false by germ theory *shows peoples ignorance of disease, Edwin Chadwicks reforms were based off of this and even though it was wrong, it got good results

defense mechanisms

various mental devices that keep unconcious emotional needs and their roots from your conciousness (Sigmund Freud) *reflects tremendous emotional intensity of family life in 19th century, used to explain tension between father and son with competition for mom

"System of Positive Philosophy"

written by French philosopher, Augustus Comte, says history is progress with three stages: theological (religion answers everything), metaphysical (we start asking question but answer them wrong), and scientific (we answer question correctly with science and reason), shows positivist method *science is more prominent in society, religion isnt as important, glorifies science

"Mr., Mrs., and Baby"

written by Gustave Droz in late 1800's, bestseller, said family life should be affectionate and happy, parents should interact with kids *shows that peoples family lives were changing to be more affectionate and personal

Gustave Droz

wrote "Mr., Mrs., and Baby" which was a bestseller, said marriage should be key to human happiness, condemned marriages that were dull and practical *struck chord with society so it shows that family structure was changing to be more affectionate and personal