AP Euro Ch. 13

Act of Settlement 1701

-An act passed to ensure the succession of the English and Irish crowns to James VI's female heir, Sophia (Electress of Hanover). -Sophia died before her mother, though, so first the English crown and then later the Irish crown passed to her son, George, Elector of Hanover. -The Act of Settlement of 1701 ensured the Protestant succession of the crowns, but also strengthened the 1689 Bill of Rights.

Test Act 1673

-Anyone who wanted to hold a public office must renounce transubstantiation doctrine and take Anglican sacraments. -Significance: Meant that no nonconformist, Catholic, or non-Christians could be in a position of govermental power. -The Test Act of 1673 came after the Clarendon Codes but it is similar in its purpose and restrictions.

Hohenzollerns

-A noble family that controlled Prussia. -The first king of Prussia was Frederick I, son of Frederick William, or the Great Elector--Hohenzollerns. The dukes and electors who preceded them were all Hohenzollerns as well. -The Hohenzollerns were a dynasty of Prussian electors, dukes, and kings of not just Prussia but also Germany and Romania.

Balance of Power

-A theory that the states of a government should be equal in military and economic power so that none of them can overpower and dominate the others. -Significant because this lasted 400 years, and explained why various countries sided with their supposed enemies (so that their allies wouldn't grow too powerful (French, English and Dutch banding together during the 30 years war) -The countries of Europe devoted their military power and diplomatic relations to the maintenance of an equilibrium because of the balance of power theory.

Pragmatic Sanction

-Edict issued by HRE Charles VI ensuring that the Habsburg empire could be inherited by his daughter, Maria Theresa. -Despite, or because of, the fervor with which Charles VI pushed the Pragmatic Sanction, his daughter was left with a less than stable empire. War broke out shortly after she ascended to the throne. -The Pragmatic Sanction, seemingly successful in its purpose, was rendered null by the lack of internal support.

Treaty of Utrecht

-Ended the War of the Spanish Succession -Ended the French ambitions of hegemony, preserved the "balance of power" within Europe. Recognized Louis XIV's grandson, Philip of Anjou, as the King of Spain--only if he gave up his right to the French throne, however. Louis considered this a win. -The Treaty of Utrecht was signed in the Netherlands, where some of the Spanish Netherlands were allotted to Britain, though the lion's share went to France.

Robert Walpole

-First Prime Minister of England; the title had no meaning during this period, but he's acknowledged as the de facto leader because of his influence in Parliament. -Consolidated Whig power through patronage system. Policy of peace abroad. Reduced national debt. Kept Parliament on his side the whole time. Accused of corruption and bribery. -Robert Walpole was first elected Lord of Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Clarendon Codes

-Four Acts passed during Edward Hyde's ministry. Designed to cripple the power of Nonconformists/Dissenters. --Corporation Act 1661: Municipal officials must partake in a parish church's sacraments --Act of Conformity 1662: Church officials must also partake in a parish church's sacraments --Conventicle Act 1662, revised 1670: Meetings for Nonconformist worship are illegal (even in private houses) --Five Mile Act 1665: Forbade Nonconformist ministers from living or visiting any town five miles from where they ministered. -The Clarendon Codes were harsh restrictions that the Toleration Act of 1689 eased slightly, but they were not individually examined until the 19th century.

Whigs

-Initially a political faction of the parliament, then a party. Led by Robert Walpole. Advocated parliament supremacy but also toleration for protestants. Political ideals heavily influenced by John Locke. -Tried to exclude Catholic James, duke of York, from the throne. His overt Catholicism and the birth of a catholic prince then united the previously disagreeing Whigs and the Tories. -The Whigs are considered to be one of the earliest foundations of England's parties.

"Glorious Revolution" 1689

-James II was usurped by his daughter, Mary II, and her husband, William of Orange (who became William III). came about from a fear of "Popery" (Catholic church/conspiracy). -Also known as the Bloodless revolution because of the relatively peaceful transition of power. This revolution stopped a Catholic heir from taking the throne, while giving the crown to a Protestant union. -The Glorious Revolution of 1689 was relatively bloodless in England but it caused a lot of death and mayhem in Ireland and Scotland.

Junkers

-Landed nobility in Prussia. -Bulwarks of the ruling Hohenzollerns, Junkers controlled much of the Prussian Army. Huge political influence and high social status. -The Junkers were expelled by the Soviets after 1944 and all their luxurious estates were confiscated.

Parlement

-Legislative and judicial body of France until the Revolution. -Significance: After the 30 Years War, Charles VII granted Languedoc its own parlement, the parlement of Toulouse. This was the first parlement outside of Paris. -The Parlement was France's legislative/judicial body from 1443 until the French Revolution.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

-Minister of Finances under Louis XIV (1665-1683). -Commended for bringing the economy back from the brink of disaster. Despite his hard work and economic savvy, Louis XIV's flamboyant Palace of Versailles and luxurious lifestyle dug France's debt even further. -Jean-Baptiste Colbert is a perfect opposite to John Law, another of Louis XIV's ministers of finances; John Law was a gambler and threatened the economy with high-stakes risks more than he helped it.

Boyars

-Old Russian nobility -Peter westernized them by forcing them to cut their beards and wear less traditional clothing. This was more than slightly humiliating for most of them, and visiting diplomats could see their awkwardness. -The boyars of Russia, during Peter's reign, all had their sons become military officers, as this was the highest occupation a man could achieve.

"Mississippi Bubble"

-Over-speculation on the shares of the Mississippi Company caused a need for paper money, which John Law encouraged. France's banks issued notes until they were forced to admit that the notes were meaningless because of the lack of gold to back them up. -Caused some serious disillusionment with the French Government, maybe the first stirrings of the French Revolution. The economy did not recover for years. -The Mississippi Bubble is one of the earliest examples of an economic bubble, which still occurs today (US housing market, 2008).

Romanovs

-Second and last dynasty to rule over Russia. -Ivan the terrible and Peter the great were both Romanovs. Peter tried to modernize and westernize Russia, as is evident in his crown jewel, the city of St. Petersburg. He also made the military the highest social class and expanded the army to become the largest in Europe; he did not, however, use it very much--it was largely symbolic. -The Romanov Dynasty lasted until the February Revolution, when Russians overthrew the Tsar and murdered his descendants; there is much controversy surrounding the supposed death of his daughter, Anastasia.

Cardinal Mazarin

-Succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu. He was the cardinal during Louis XIV's younger years. He helped Anne of Austria, Louis' mother, expand her power. -The Fronde occurred during his regency. He was not well liked by French commoners. He constantly needed to raise money for the Hapsburg Wars, and used high taxes to do so. -Cardinal Mazarin, who succeeded Richelieu, was Louis XIV's regent for 20 or so years.

Rump Parliament

-The English parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament (rump = remnant, so these are the remaining members of the Long Parliament). --Deemed itself the supreme power (could pass bills without the king's or house of lords' consent) --set up the High Court of Justice --declared England a commonwealth/no more monarchy. --executed Charles I -The Rump Parliament was responsible for the overthrow of England's monarchy and Oliver Cromwell's rise to power.

Tories

-Traditionalists and conservationists. One of England's early political factions. -Supported James II's succession of his brother, Charles II. When conservatism emerged during the late 1700's, Tories and Whigs united in opposition of James II and the French Revolution. -Tories, while originating in Britain, were also the nicknames of British loyalists during the American Revolution; perhaps because of the underlying traditionalism that was a Tory policy.

Acts of Union 1707

-Two Acts: Union with England Act and Union with Scotland Act. Joined Scotland and England into Great Britain. They were separate states with different legislatures but the same monarch). -Significant because TWO KINGDOMS JOINED TOGETHER. After three attempts, the two were joined. -The Acts of Union (1707) were the first steps to creating today's United Kingdom.

Long Parliament

-est. November 3, 1640. Not formally dissolved until 20 years later, but was purged in 1648. -Passed the Parliamentary Act, which stated that parliament couldn't be dissolved without its own approval. Also significant for length of establishment. Sat through first and second Civil wars. -The Long Parliament lasted the longest, but it was purged in 1648 and the remaining members are known as the Rump Parliament.