AP Euro Chapter 14 (Reformation) Test

(rg) Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation can be described and summarized as...

"Faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone."

What did John Calvin write?

"Institutes of the Christian Religion."

Describe the political situation in Hungary.

-(1526): Ottoman Empire (Muslims) take over large part of Hungary. -Habsburgs rule north and west Hungary, they become Catholic. -(1699): Ottomans leave, all of Hungary in Habsburg Empire.

What was the German Peasants' War (1525)?

-A rebellion of German peasants against nobles started by desire that religious change should make political, economic, social changes. -Peasants influenced by radicals. -Luther opposes rebellion.

What were the effects of the defeat of the Spanish Armada?

-Defeat prevents Philip II from reinstating Catholicism on England by force. -Increase English national pride.

Who was John Tetzel?

-Dominican Friar. -Organizes sale of indulgences. -Advertisements, promises full forgiveness by purchase.

What was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559)?

-Ends Habsburg-Valois wars (1494-1559): (fighting for control of Italy). -Spain wins. -France gives up claim to Italian lands. -Involved most Italian city-states.

What did the Peace of Augsburg (1555) do?

-Ends war. -Allows ruler of each German territory to determine religion. -Charles "abdicates" throne, Philip II is next King of Spain.

What was the Habsburg Dynasty?

-Family of rulers, originated in central Europe, rule Austria. -Through marriage, expands power/territory, rule large parts of Europe.

Who was Henry VIII and what did he want?

-King of England (Tudor Dynasty); ruled 1509-1547. -Wants new wife because he wants to produce a male heir.

Who was Maximilan of the Habsburg Dynasty?

-Marries Mary of Burgundy (1477). -He gains the Netherlands and Burgundy. -His son/daughter married to children of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain (King Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, ruler of Netherlands - rules almost half of Europe and Americas).

Describe the Holy Roman Empire.

-Medieval empire, still exists during time of Reformation,. -Exists in central Europe (area of Germany), Germany not yet a nation (decentralized rule). -Ruled by emperor, empire made of hundreds of independent states ruled by their own leaders (nobles, princes, etc.) but loyal to "Holy Roman Emperor," but sometimes rebel.

What did Protestants believe in regard to marriage, women, and divorce?

-Protestants believe priests should be able to marry and have families. -Against celibacy (of clergy). -Allow divorce. -Maintain that women should be subservient to husbands (no change, husband is authority).

What did Calvin set up in Geneva, Switzerland?

-Religious society. -Community based on religious principles. -Church and government merged, punished people for sins. -(1542-1546): 58 people executed for religious crimes.

Why did many rulers of semi-independent states/kingdoms of Holy Roman Empire adopt Protestant religion (Lutheran)?

-Some rulers truly believe in Protestant religion. -Rulers can confiscate land owned by the Catholic Church (money).

Who was Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)?

-Swiss humanist, priest, critical of Catholic Church. -Follower of Erasmus.

Describe Switzerland.

-Swiss, part of Holy Roman Empire. -Organized into 13 independent territories called "cantons." -In the 1520s, some cantons stay Catholic and others become Protestant. -The two sides go to war; make treaty allowing each canton to decide its religion (effect: there are legally two churches).

What were the causes of the Great European Witch Hunt?

1) Belief in power of Devil working through people. 2) Insecurity caused by religious wars. 3) Use of inquisitorial procedures: use torture to get confessions, accusers don't attend court, accusation brought by government.

What were Ulrich Zwingli's beliefs?

1) Bible, scriptures, were words of God = religious truth. Against: 1) Indulgences. 2) Monasticism. 3) Clerical celibacy: Church law that priests cannot marry, have families.

What 3 issues of the Catholic Church were criticized?

1) Clerical immorality (drink, gamble, wealth, improper relations). 2) Clerical ignorance, illiteracy. 3) Pluralism/absenteeism: clerics hold several positions, do not serve people, pass off duties to other priests.

(rg) Luther and other Protestants considered the church was a "spiritual priesthood" of what?

"Believers," an invisible fellowship.

(rg) According to Protestants, who created marriage and why?

By God as a remedy for human weakness.

(rg) In religious affairs, Elizabeth I chose a middle course between...

Catholic and Puritan extremes.

(rg) What did the "Peace of Augsburg" allow the political authority in each territory to do?

Decide whether the territory would be Catholic or Lutheran.

(rg) What might be the only solution (according to Protestants) to a marriage in which spouses did not comfort or support each other?

Divorce and remarriage.

What did the Pope prohibit King Henry VIII from doing?

Divorcing his first wife (Catherine of Aragon).

Who defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588?

English Navy.

(rg) Where did Luther believe salvation came from?

Faith.

(rg) Because of predestination, the Calvinists believed in the redemptive work of Christ, and this made them confident that...

God had elected (saved) him or her.

(rg) What was Luther's very first response to the Peasants' War?

Initially he sided with the peasants, blasting the lords for robbing their subjects.

What was the "Spanish Armada"?

Invasion fleet created to conquer England; launched by Philip II.

(rg) When Luther used the phrase "we Germans," how did this appeal to German princes?

It appealed to "national feeling."

(rg) How did Luther's appearance at the Diet of Worms benefit him?

It created an even broader audience for reform ideas.

(rg) Describe the influence of the Inquisition.

It destroyed heresy within the papal states but had only slight influence outside of that area.

(rg) How did Luther view celibacy?

It went against human nature.

What happened to those who opposed King Henry VIII?

Jailed and executed (ex. Thomas More).

(rg) What did the Edict of Nantes grant?

Liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to Huguenots in 150 fortified towns.

Who opposed the radicals?

Luther and most Protestants.

(rg) How was the Reformation spread in Hungary?

Lutheranism was spread by Hungarian students who had studied at Wittenburg.

(rg) Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin, Mary Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.

What was the Diet of Worms (1521)?

Meeting where Charles V demands Luther change his views, Luther refuses, meeting gives Luther a large audience to spread his criticism and reform ideas.

(rg) Luther's attitude towards secular rulers is evident by the fact that "Luther instructed all Christians to ______ their secular rulers."

Obey.

Who opposes Luther?

Pope; wants him to change his views.

What did Luther later say about the church?

Popes and Church can make mistakes, people should reform church if clergy does not.

What technology contributed to the spread of Protestant ideas?

Printing press.

(rg) Most of the new Catholic religious orders were developed to...

Raise the moral and intellectual level of the clergy and people.

(rg) What did the Council of Trent call for?

Reform of the Catholic Church and securing reconciliation with the Protestants.

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent (1545-63)?

Reform, spiritual renewal.

Who was Martin Luther (1483-1546)?

Religious professor, Catholic priest, critical of Catholic Church.

(rg) In the Holy Roman Empire, who determined the official form of religious practice in each territory?

The ruler of each territory.

What happened when King Charles V (Catholic) ordered German Protestant rulers to return to Catholic faith?

They refused and war began.

(rg) What happened to most people brought up before the Inquisition for witchcraft?

They were sent home with a warning and a penance.

(rg) In the "accusatorial procedure," what could an accuser be liable for?

Trial if the charges were not proven.

(rg) A new religious order for women was called what? What did it attain "enormous prestige" for?

Ursuline order; the education of women.

How could a territory become Protestant?

When its ruler demanded a change, nobles in Holy Roman Empire begin to change within lands they rule, causes conflict.

Did King Henry VIII's Anglican Church have some Catholic practices?

Yes; confession and priests cannot marry.

(rg) What did Luther believe political authorities were justified in asserting control over?

The church in their territories.

(rg) The "impetus" for England's break with Rome or the Reformation in England was...

The desire of King Henry VIII for a new wife.

(rg) What did the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis end? Which two nations signed it?

The long conflict known as the Habsburg-Valois Wars; France and Spain.

(rg) Why did most ordinary Poles oppose Luther's ideas and the Reformation?

They held strong anti-German feeling.

(rg) Why were people more willing to accuse others in the Inquisitorial procedure?

They never had to take personal responsibility for the accusation or face the accused person's relatives.

What were the ideas of Calvinism?

1) "Predestination": God already determined who goes to heaven. 2) People unable to work on salvation, can't change fate.

(rg) Describe 4 issues "anti-clericalism" focused on.

1) Clerical immorality. 2) Clerical ignorance. 3) Clerical pluralism. 4) Absenteeism.

Why was Luther against indulgences?

Because they allowed people to buy penance, rather than feel truly sorry.

What was Charles V fighting for (in the religious wars in Germany)?

Catholic Church, and also for more unified state (political) by limiting independence of nobles.

Who sent aid to Protestant Germans during the religious wars in Germany?

France.

(rg) According to Luther, what is faith a gift from?

God's grace.

How did King Henry VIII gain support of the middle/upper class?

He sold church lands to them.

What did King Henry VIII do in response to the Catholic Church's decision regarding his divorce?

Henry VIII abolishes Catholic Church; creates Protestant Church ("Church of England"/Anglican).

Who was John Calvin?

In France; Protestant scholar who wants to reform church.

(rg) According to the Calvinists, how was "hard work" viewed by God?

It was pleasing to God when it was done well.

Who was Philip II (r. 1556-1598)?

King of Spain, Habsburg Emperor; asked by Pope to strike England after Mary's death.

What was the 95 Theses?

Luther wrote it in 1517; opposition to indulgences, said it undermined "penance": deed shows you're sorry for your sins (can't buy forgiveness), reduced importance of charity.

(rg) What effect did the closing of monasteries and convents have on upper class Protestant women?

Marriage became virtually the only occupation for them.

Define "Reformation."

Movement for religious reform of Catholic Church, led to rise of new Christian religions.

Define "anticlericalism."

Opposition to church "clergy" (priests, bishops, etc.).

Define "Protestant."

People who protest Catholic Church and want to break away from the Church (ex. Luther, Zwingli).

Why were mostly women accused of witchcraft?

Seen as weaker sex, more likely to be used by devil (bias against women).

Where did Calvinism spread to?

Swiss and parts of France (10% of the population).

(rg) How did the Pope react to the emperor's initial success in the German religious wars?

The Pope was alarmed and withdrew papal troops.

How did the political situation in Germany shape the Reformation?

1) Holy Roman Empire (Germany) made up of independent states, allowed rulers to choose Protestant religion. 2) War led to "Peace of Augsburg" (officially recognizes Protestant religion, spreads Protestant religion).

(rg) Describe 3 characteristics of the "Inquisitorial procedure."

1) Intense questioning of the subject (often with torture). 2) Accusers did not have to go to court. 3) Accusation brought on by government.

(rg) Why did Calvin not "ascribe" or believe humans had "free will" concerning their own salvation?

Because that would detract from the sovereignty of God.

Describe religious violence during the Reformation.

1) French Religious Wars (1562-1598): civil wars between French Catholics and "Huguenots" (French Protestants - Calvinists), involved mob violence. -After King Henry II dies (1559), his sons rule, not good leaders, dominated by mother - Queen Catherine of Medici (strong Catholic). -Causes: French nobles adopt Calvinism (turn Protestant), French Kings demand nobles follow Catholic Church. -Consequences: (1) Civil war between Catholics and Huguenots, violent. -St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572): King orders assassination of Huguenot leaders, mob violence for several weeks, 5,000-30,000 killed. (2) Edict of Nantes (1598): grants freedom of worship to Huguenots, ends French religious wars, brings peace. 2) Netherlands: civil war between Catholics and Protestants. -Made up of 17 provinces (modern Belgium, Holland). -Controlled by Charles V (Spain). -Each province had self-government, loyal to overall ruler Charles V, later Philip II. -(1560s): Calvinism spreads to 7 northern provinces, used to be Catholic. -Cause: Philip II sends troops to abolish Calvinism. -Consequence: (1) War (Prot. vs. Cath.); (2) 10 provinces in south remain Catholic, part of Spanish Habsburgs and 7 northern provinces become independent and Protestant: form "Union of Utrecht" (1579).

Why were the ideas of Protestant reformers appealing?

1) Idea of simpler religion and return to early church were reforms Christian humanists want. 2) All should read Bible - attracted educated. 3) Townspeople/cities liked the idea of church paying taxes and not having privileges. 4) "Radical" extremists want religious changes to start political, economic, social changes. (called "Radical Reformation", Quakers and Anabaptists were radical groups).

How was Protestantism upheld in England?

1) Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558): Queen; daughter from Henry VIII's first wife. -Reinstates Catholic Church. -Marries Philip II. -Unpopular ("Bloody Mary"). -Persecuted/executed Protestants. 2) Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603): Queen; daughter from Henry VIII's second wife. -Reinstates Anglican Church. -"Mary Queen of Scots" (r. 1560-67): Catholic, next in line to throne, part of conspiracy to overthrow Elizabeth, executed by Queen Elizabeth. -Queen Elizabeth uses pirates to attack Spanish treasure ships (from America). -Defeats the Spanish Armada.

Describe religious reforms caused by the Reformation.

1) New religious groups form called Protestants (Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches). -Hundreds of different Protestant religions (Baptists, Methodists, etc.).

What were the effects of the German Peasants' War?

1) Peasants lose and rulers' power increased. 2) 75,000 peasants killed.

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation (Counter-Reformation)?

1) Pope Paul III (r. 1534-39) calls "Council of Trent" (1545-63); reforms Church, improves clergy behavior, ends indulgences and simony (purchasing of church offices). 2) Established "Roman Inquisition": organization to arrest and execute "heretics" (opponents of the Church). 3) New religious orders: (1) Jesuits: religious group, spread Catholicism, missionaries, effective.

What were Martin Luther's beliefs?

1) Salvation (forgiveness of sins) comes from faith, not good deeds, donations. 2) Faith comes from God, not human effort. 3) God's word revealed only in Bible/scripture, not church rules or clergy. 4) Against "indulgences": document that counted as "good deed" for forgiveness of sins and take away "purgatory": God's punishment, indulgences could be bought from church.

What were the central ideas of Protestant reformers?

1) Salvation comes only from faith in God, not good works. 2) Church authority rests only in Bible, not church leaders, rules. 3) Only baptism and communion have scriptural support in Bible. 4) View church as group of believers, not a hierarchy (led by Pope).

What were the effects of the Great European Witch Hunt?

1) Widespread fear. 2) 40,000-60,000 executed. 3) Target women, 75-85% of accused.

When were Europeans very religious?

1500s (16th century).

How many wives did King Henry VIII have?

6.

Define "Calvinism."

A Protestant religion.

(rg) What was the "Consistory"?

A body of laymen and pastors to "keep watch" over people's lives.

(rg) What did the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre lead to?

A civil war that dragged on for 15 years.

(rg) How did Protestants view marriage as a contract?

A contract in which each partner promised the other support, companionship, and the sharing of mutual goods.

(rg) What was the "Pilgrimage of Grace"? Who/what was it against?

A massive rebellion that proved the largest in English history; Henry VIII and his religious changes.

(rg) What did most witchcraft trials begin with? Give examples. What played a role in those accusations?

A single accusation in a village or town (using magic to spoil food, make children ill, kill animals, raise a hailstorm, etc.); tensions within families, households, and neighborhoods.

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

Agreement stating the religion (Catholic or Protestant) of each German state/region would be decided by its ruler.

(rg) What did the Calvinist ethic "the calling" dignify?

All work with a religious aspect.

(rg) Why did France support (send money) to the Lutheran/Protestant princes in Germany?

Because France did not want Charles V to become even more powerful.