AP EURO CHAPTER 20

congress system

A series of international meetings among the European great powers to promote mutual cooperation between 1818 and 1822

Spanish Revolution 1820

A failed attempt by a Spanish colonel named Rafael de Riego to force King Ferdinand VII to create a constitutional monarchy. Spain hoped to establish constitutional monarchies like the ones in England and France. They failed, thanks to the Concert of Europe (who sent 100,000 French soldiers into Spain to end the Revolution in 1822).

Great Reform Bill in Britain 1832

A limited reform of the British House of Commons and an expansion of the electorate to include a wider variety of the propertied (landowner) classes. It laid the groundwork for further orderly reforms (in the church) within the British constitutional system. reconciled previously unrepresented property owners/economic interests to the political institutions of the country Wasn't a victory for the middle class.

July Revolution/Charles X

He issued the Four Ordinances that restricted freedom of press, dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, limited the franchise to the wealthiest people in the country, and called for new elections. The ordinances provoked a coup d'etat and on October 2nd Charles went into exile in England. The Chamber of Deputies created a new ministry and in an act, proclaimed Louis Philippe the new king. The liberals of the Chamber of Deputies had filled a power vaccum the Paris uprising had created. The revolution also marked the shift from a constitutional monarchy (the Bourbon family) to a cadet branch. Hereditary right was abolished and was replaced with popular sovereignty.

nationalism

The belief that one is part of a nation, defined as a community with its own language, traditions, customs, and history that distinguish it from other nations and make it the primary focus of a person's loyalty and sense of identity.

Peterloo and the Six Acts

The idea of political reform had gained a lot of support in England in on August 16th 1819 supporters and opposition to change met. This meeting would result in a fight between Royal troops and the local militia, which is now referred to as the Peterloo Massacre. The massacre led parliament to pass the Six Acts which were similar to the German Carlsbad Decrees. These laws aimed to restrict the spread of anti-monarchy sentiments (forbidding large group meetings, restricting the press and free speech and making it easier to imprison people who oppose the government). Later these acts would be the cause of plot, by radical reformists, to blow up the British cabinet.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Toussaint Louverture was a freed French slave who was a military genius and led an army of slave rebels to victory several times over the French, Spanish, and British in Haiti

Simon Bolivar

a Venezuelan Revolutionary.He wanted independant states and to break free from the monarch in the new world. Simon Bolivar also allied with San Martin to push back Spanish forces in South America spanning from Ecuador, Colombia and Peru. He later went into exile. He liberated much of Latin America and set up a republic where he embraced liberal leaning political structures.

liberalism

a political philosophy that arose during the beginning of the 19th century in Europe. They were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment and the Revolution. They wanted to create a political framework of legal equality, religious toleration, and freedom of the press. They also desired to limit the arbitrary power of gov't against the persons and property of individual citizens. Additionally they wanted to abolish the economic restraints associated with mercantilism or the regulated economies of enlightened absolutists. Most importantly they supported a constitutional monarchy and opposed a complete democracy.

Catholic Emancipation Act

allowed Roman Catholics to be members of Parliament, showing the compromise. The act was passed by Daniel O'Connell and the Duke of Wellington pushed for the act to stop an impending civil war in Ireland. illustrates the compromise between liberalism and conservationism as it was a liberal measure passed for the conservative purpose of preserving order in Ireland.

Klemens von Metternich

an Austrian prince who lived from 1773-1859. He is considered to be the embodiment of conservatism in the nineteenth-century. He worked alongside other Austrian royals and officers to try and maintain the power of Austria, and to keep it under the rule of a monarchy. They did this by exerting their dominance over the German Federation.

Mazzini

an Italian politician during the early 19th century. He explains his understanding of nationalism in "____ Defines Nationality." He combines a democratic view of politics with a religious concept of the divine destiny of nations. He states that the essential characteristics of a nationality are common ideas, common principles, and common purpose.

Decembrist Revolt 1825

happened when Tsar Alexander I ascended the throne and then in 1825 died with no heir. His brother Constantine was the next in line and then married a woman who was not royal blood so he was ineligible to come to the throne. Then Nicholas declared himself Tsar and heard of a conspiracy of junior officers to rally Russian Troops and then cause reform. The Moscow regiment of the army refused to take the loath of loyalty o Nicholas and marched in defiance. Nicholas then sent cavalry and killed more than sixty people. shed light on the secret military organizations the Russian Military had during that time period.

Nicholas I

he Tsar of Russia and took over when his older brother Alexander I passed away without a direct heir. He was more conservative of the brothers and after the Decembrist Revolt created a Russian reform and a conservative state in Russia that resulted in state censorship and surveillance. started the first autocracy state Russia and Europe has ever seen before. Under his reign the secret police was expanded and flourished. Literacy and Political censorship and surveillance was common. Russian Orthodox Church provided censored knowledge such as secular states and to accept their place in life. Autocracy gave absolute power and authority to the Tsar. He was known even on foreign affairs to be conservative towards them.

Concert of Europe

name given to the alliance of countries who took part in the Congress of Vienna from 1814-1914 to try to maintain a balance of power in Europe and prevent another war. Austria, United Kingdom, Prussia, Russia, and later France joined to attempt to prevent another war by balancing the power of all nations in Europe. This would prevent another continental war, and several times it did. But a series of wars in the late 19th century between members eroded the stability the Concert provided, and was replaced with a few complicated and intricate alliances.

peninsulares

people living in the Spanish colonies in the new world and Latin America but born in Spain. were often targeted and others believed they help the most prominent positions in government and religion in everyday life. This created a tension in the colony. They also were entitled to privileges that came from the crown which extracted wealth from the colonies to give luxuries to them. These privileges were later revoked.

Frederick William III

the king of Prussia from 1797-1840. During this time he was engaged in fighting against Napoleon in the Napoleonic wars. In addition to this he promised the people of Prussia that he would institute reforms reducing the power of the Prussian monarchy. He managed to create a stronger bond between landholder, army, and monarchy in Prussia. This allowed his monarchy to hold an even greater amount of power, in a Europe where most monarchs were losing theirs.

conservatism

the support for the established order in church and state. In the 19th century, it implied support for legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches. They favored only gradual change. They believed that a representative gov't would protect an individual's property or influence, and they generally opposed the views of the Enlightenment.

Carlsbad Decrees

were issued by some of the German states in july of 1819, after persuasion from Metternich. These Decrees ended a movement by German nationalists to unite Germany (Burschenschaft) . would result in even more restrictive regulations on german citizens, and strengthened the monarchy. It would also eventually result in the persecution of people who spoke out against the monarchy or in favor of any kind of political change.