Ap EURO chapter 22
Pig iron
Charcoal + iron ore
James Watt
Improved steam engine. Added dispenser. Used to drain mines, ran cotton-spinning mills, flour mills, malt mills, sugar cane mills, flint mills
New Factory workers: The Luddites
attacked factories and smahshed new machines they believed were putting them out of work
Edwin Chadwick
concluded that workers were increasingly able to purchase "more of the necessities and minor luxeries in life"
The Factory Act of 1833
limited child labor and number of hours children could work in textile factories factory owners were required to establish elementary schools for the children of their employees
The Combination Act of 1799
outlawed unions and strikes in the name of individual liberty. workers continued to strike, and the act were repealed in 1824
Richard Arkwright
the water frame spinning machine
Robert Owen
a successful manufacturer in Scotland who proposed limiting the hours of labor and child labor
Andrew Ure
claimed that conditions in most factories of the cotton industry were not harsh and were quite good
Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen
inefficient coal-powered steam engines
Edmund Cartwright
power loom
The Mines Act of 1842
prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under 10
Friedrich Engels
wrote a blistering attack on the middle classes, The Condition of the Working Class in England
National Variations of Industrializations
Britain: By 1800, Britain had opened up a ocnsiderable lead over continental countries, and gap widened France: experienced relatively good early industrialization but advanced gradually Belgium: industrialization occured at a hearty rate Germany: experienced a spectacular rise in industrialization in late 19th century
James Hargreaves
Cotton-spinning jenny
Craft unions
Craft unions (new model unions) won benefits for their members
George Stephenson
Created railroad, Rocket, that connected Liverpool and Manchester Larger markets encouraged larger factories with more sophisticated machinery Construction of railroads created a strong demand for unskilled labor After workers finished construction the railroads, the workers drifted into towns and cities in search of work, rather than returning to their villages, which facilitated the GROWTH OF A CLASS OF URBAN WORKERS.
The dismal science: Thomas malthus
Essay on the Principle of Population Population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply
The dismal science: David Ricardo
Iron law of wages Because of the pressure of population growth, a labor surplus would cause wages to sink to subsistence level
Chartist movement
Members of the chartist movement sought universal male suffrage, shorter work hours, and cheap bread
New Factory workers: William Blake and William Wodsworth
Protested the life of the workers and the pollution of land and water
Henry Cort
Puddling furnace used coke to burn away impurities in crude iron and produce high quality iron Designed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
Robert Owen helped organize this, but it collapsed