Ap EURO chapter 22

Pig iron

Charcoal + iron ore

James Watt

Improved steam engine. Added dispenser. Used to drain mines, ran cotton-spinning mills, flour mills, malt mills, sugar cane mills, flint mills

New Factory workers: The Luddites

attacked factories and smahshed new machines they believed were putting them out of work

Edwin Chadwick

concluded that workers were increasingly able to purchase "more of the necessities and minor luxeries in life"

The Factory Act of 1833

limited child labor and number of hours children could work in textile factories factory owners were required to establish elementary schools for the children of their employees

The Combination Act of 1799

outlawed unions and strikes in the name of individual liberty. workers continued to strike, and the act were repealed in 1824

Richard Arkwright

the water frame spinning machine

Robert Owen

a successful manufacturer in Scotland who proposed limiting the hours of labor and child labor

Andrew Ure

claimed that conditions in most factories of the cotton industry were not harsh and were quite good

Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen

inefficient coal-powered steam engines

Edmund Cartwright

power loom

The Mines Act of 1842

prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under 10

Friedrich Engels

wrote a blistering attack on the middle classes, The Condition of the Working Class in England

National Variations of Industrializations

Britain: By 1800, Britain had opened up a ocnsiderable lead over continental countries, and gap widened France: experienced relatively good early industrialization but advanced gradually Belgium: industrialization occured at a hearty rate Germany: experienced a spectacular rise in industrialization in late 19th century

James Hargreaves

Cotton-spinning jenny

Craft unions

Craft unions (new model unions) won benefits for their members

George Stephenson

Created railroad, Rocket, that connected Liverpool and Manchester Larger markets encouraged larger factories with more sophisticated machinery Construction of railroads created a strong demand for unskilled labor After workers finished construction the railroads, the workers drifted into towns and cities in search of work, rather than returning to their villages, which facilitated the GROWTH OF A CLASS OF URBAN WORKERS.

The dismal science: Thomas malthus

Essay on the Principle of Population Population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply

The dismal science: David Ricardo

Iron law of wages Because of the pressure of population growth, a labor surplus would cause wages to sink to subsistence level

Chartist movement

Members of the chartist movement sought universal male suffrage, shorter work hours, and cheap bread

New Factory workers: William Blake and William Wodsworth

Protested the life of the workers and the pollution of land and water

Henry Cort

Puddling furnace used coke to burn away impurities in crude iron and produce high quality iron Designed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

Robert Owen helped organize this, but it collapsed