bio unit 3

According to the video how many species are disappearing a day on earth?

100

How many microbes are found on and in your body?

1100 species

Fish species characterized by a skeleton made completely of cartilage, not bone. Includes rays and sharks.

Cartilaginous fishes

Molluscs in which the head is prominent and the foot has been modified into tentacles; examples are octopuses and squids. These animals have a reduced or absent shell and possess the most advanced nervous system of the invertebrates.

Cephalopods

Bacteria that can use inorganic molecules such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and iron as sources of energy.

Chemolithotrophs

Bacteria that consume organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, as an energy source.

Chemoorganotrophs

A light-absorbing pigment molecule in chloroplasts.

Chlorophyll

The organelle in plant cells in which photosynthesis occurs.

Chloroplast

Animals belonging to the phylum Chordata, defined by four distinct body structures: the notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.

Chordates

The concurrent appearance over time, through natural selection, of traits in interacting species that enable each species to become adapted to the other; an example is the 11-inch-long tongue of a moth that feeds from the 11-inch-long nectar tube of an orchid.

Coevolution

A symbiotic relationship between species in which one benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed.

Commensalism

Two species battle for resources in the same niche until the more efficient one wins and the other species is driven to extinction in that location.

Competitive exclusion

The process by which a bacterium transfers a copy of some or all of its DNA to another bacterium of the same or another species.

Conjugation

An interdisciplinary field, drawing on ecology, economics, psychology, sociology, and political science that studies and devises ways of preserving and protecting biodiversity in populations, species, and ecosystems.

Conservation biology

A group of mostly aquatic arthropods that includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles.

Crustaceans

A photoautrotoph and the first organism that could use solar energy to build organic compounds from carbon dioxide, and in the process break down water molecules to release oxygen.

Cyanobacteria

A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA, membrane-bound organelles, and internal structures organized into compartments.

Eukaryotic cell

A change in allele frequencies of a population.

Evolution

Species introduced by human activities to areas other than the species' native range. Also called invasive species.

Exotic species

What would be the most likely reason for the continued decline of multiple bird species?

Exotic species

The complete loss of all individuals in a species.

Extinction

Bacteria and archaea than can live in extreme physical and chemical conditions.

Extremophiles

A primitive vascular seedless plant that reproduces with spores.

Fern

The fusion of two reproductive cells.

Fertilization

The path of energy flow from primary producers to tertiary consumers.

Food chain

A more precisely described path of energy flow from primary producers to tertiary consumers than the food chain, reflecting the fact that many organisms are omnivores and occupy more than one position in the chain.

Food web

Which of the following statements about habitat loss is correct?

Fragmented habitats can only support small populations of the species living in them.

The mature ovary of a flower that houses seeds for dispersal.

Fruit

Organisms that are mostly multicellular, sessile decomposers.

Fungi

Most of these molluscs have a single shell, a muscular foot for locomotion, and a radula used for scraping food from surfaces; examples are snails and slugs

Gastropods

Vascular plants that do not produce their seeds in a protective structure, but are usually found on the surface of the scales of a cone-like structure; includes conifers (the most abundant plants in this group), cycads, gnetophytes, and ginkgo.

Gymnosperm

The physical environment of organisms, consisting of the chemical resources of the soil, water, and air, and physical conditions such as temperature, salinity, humidity, and energy sources.

Habitat

What is the #1 threat to biodiversity of plants?

Habitat destruction due to climate change and development

Which of the following is the biggest reason for the overall decrease in biodiversity on our planet?

Habitat loss

Animals that eat plants; also known as primary consumers.

Herbivores

Into the Jungle Question: What is the current scientific name of "Java Man"?

Homo erectus

Which animal are humans more recently related to, a tunicate or a barnacle?

Humans and tunicates both are members of the phylum Chordata, but barnacles are invertebrates. So human are more closely related to tunicates.

Long strings of cells that make up the mycelium of a multicellular fungus.

Hyphae

Mammals in which, in most species, after a short period of embryonic life in the uterus, the young complete their development in a pouch in the female.

Marsupials

Extinction in which a large number of species become extinct in a short period of time; usually because of extraordinary and sudden environmental change.

Mass extinction

The rebuilding of molecules from the larva stage to the adult, resulting in a change of form.

Metamorphosis

A microscopic organism; not a monophyletic group since it includes protists, archaea, and bacteria.

Microbe

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about microbes?

Microbes are not genetically diverse.

Present-day mammals that retain the ancestral condition of laying eggs; named this because they have a single duct, the cloaca, which the reproductive system, the urinary system, and the digestive system (for defecation) open into.

Monotremes

A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit and neither is harmed.

Mutualism

Root fungi - symbiotic associations in which the fungus receives sugar from the plant, and in return the fungus transfers nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil to the plant.

Mycorrhizae

A molecule (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) that is a high-energy electron carrier involved in photosynthesis, which stores energy by accepting high-energy protons; this molecule is formed when the electrons released from the splitting of water are passed to NADP+.

NADPH

A structure that contains the male gametophyte of a seed plant.

Pollen grain

The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower.

Pollination

A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic region.

Population

A sub-field of ecology that studies the interactions between populations of organisms of a species and their environment.

Population ecology

A tail that extends beyond the end of the trunk, a point that is marked by the anus; a characteristic of chordates.

Post-anal tail

What trophic level would a seed-eating bird be classified as?

Primary consumer

The organisms responsible for primary productivity, such as grasses, trees, and agricultural crops, which convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy (that is, food) through photosynthesis.

Primary producers

An organism consisting of a prokaryotic cell (all are one-celled organisms).

Prokaryote

A cell bound by a plasma membrane enclosing the cell contents (cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes); there is no nucleus or other organelles.

Prokaryotic cell

Which group of organisms utilizes the largest variety of energy sources?

Protists

In complete metamorphosis, the second stage of insect development, in which the larva is enclosed in a case and its body structures are broken down into molecules that are reassembled into the adult form.

Pupa

A body structure like that of a wheel, or pie, in which any cut through the center would divide the organism into identical halves.

Radial symmetry

Fishes with rigid bones, fins lined with hardened rays, and swim bladders. Includes almost everything you think of a "fish", from salmon to goldfish and guppies.

Ray-finned fishes

What is a good method to deal with exotic species?

Removal of the species and Regulation and restriction of introductions

Birds are most closely related to what other group of vertebrates?

Reptiles

A division of resources that occurs when species that overlap some portion of a niche in which one or more species differ in behavior or body plan in a way that divides the resources of the niche between the species.

Resource partitioning

Which of the following pairs are the least related according to current understanding of evolution

Rose and a mushroom

A type of terrestrial biome; a tropical or subtropical grassland with scattered woody plants, characterized by hot climate and distinct wet and dry seasons (rainfall is less than in the tropical seasonal forest biome).

Savanna

Why are we able to make vaccines for diseases like smallpox and the yearly flu, but not the common cold?

There are many forms of the common cold virus to make a vaccine, but only one type of flu virus.

What is a NOT a reason some exotic species are so successful in some cases?

They are bigger and smarter

Which of the following is true of ALL animals?

They are capable of movement at some stage of their life cycle.

Which of the following is characteristic of gymnosperms?

They are wind-pollinated.

Why aren't viruses considered alive?

They do not eat, or have a metabolism.

What is not a common characteristic of mosses and liverworts?

They use animals to help them reproduce.

How do chemolithotrophs acquire energy?

They use inorganic molecules for energy

Structure within a chloroplast where the chlorophyll is located

Thylakoid

A step in the flow of energy through an ecosystem.

Trophic level

A type of terrestrial biome; found between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees north latitude) and Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees south latitude) and characterized by constant moisture and temperature that does not vary across the seasons; vegetation is dense.

Tropical rain forest

A type of terrestrial biome; characterized by hot climate and distinct wet and dry seasons; trees shed their leaves in the dry season.

Tropical seasonal forest

Members of the kingdom Animalia, which are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic (that is, they cannot produce their own food); many of these organisms have body parts specialized for different activities and can move during some stage of their lives.

animals

Of the groups mentioned below, the fungi are most closely related to:

animals

The three most fundamental groups of organisms on the planet are:

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.

What types of microbes could be found within and on your body right now?

bacteria, viruses, protists, archaea

Which of the following is not a fruit?

carrot

Which of the following types of arthropods are NOT primarily land-dwelling?

crustaceans

Organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and detritivores, that break down and feed on once-living organisms.

decomposers

Which one of the following characteristics distinguishes all chordates from all other animals?

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Describes species peculiar to a particular region and not naturally found elsewhere.

endemic species

Which of the following is NOT an example of a gymnosperm?

ferns

The part of an angiosperm that contains the reproductive structures; it consists of a supporting stem with modified leaves (the petals and sepals) and usually contains both male and female reproductive structures.

flower

Ovaries contain ovules. Ovaries mature into fruits and ovules mature into seeds. Using this information, determine which of the following "vegetables" is technically a fruit?

green beans

A(n) ________ describes the area in which an organism lives, whereas a(n) _________ describes all of the organisms in a particular area at a particular time.

habitat; community

Dead cells filled with the protein keratin that collectively serve as insulation covering the body or a part of the body; present in all mammals.

hair

Two important features that distinguish mammals from any other type of animal are:

hair and mammary glands

Which of the following is NOT an indicator of increased extinction threat for a species?

high genetic diversity

An organism in or on which a parasite lives.

host

The current mass extinction is believed to be primarily caused by:

human actions

Which of the following are chordates?

humans, fish, tunicates

According to Darwin:

it is improper to view any species as higher or lower than any other species.

An air environment, gravity, and desiccation are three challenges that were addressed in the evolution of reptiles. What three evolutionary innovations addressed these challenges?

lungs, better limb support, and the amniotic egg

The continued existence of as many species as possible provides what kinds of values to humans?

medical value, economic value, ecosystem services

Which of the following does a bacterium NOT contain?

mitochondria

The above-ground part of a plant, consisting of stems and leaves, and sometimes flowers and fruits. The stem contains vascular tissue and supports the leaves, the main photosynthetic organ of the plant.

shoot

Which of the following organisms would occupy the highest trophic level?

spider

In most cases, the relationship between roots and fungi in mycorrhizae can best be described as:

symbiosis.

Filter-feeding marine animals often found attached to docks; these are chordates, along with lancelets and vertebrates.

tunicates

What type of cells does the HIV virus attack?

white blood cells

Glands in all female mammals that produce milk for the nursing of young.

Mammary glands

What organisms would NOT be in a flowering plant's niche?

all of the above

Which of the following is true about evolutionary success?

A successful organism can find food, escape predators, and reproduce.

The components of an organism's environment that are not living, including gasses, minerals, water, etc.

Abiotic

A molecule that temporarily stores energy for cellular activity in all living organisms; it is composed of a sugar molecule and a chain of three negatively charged phosphate groups.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms. They can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and most live in water.

Algae

Terrestrial vertebrates - reptiles, birds, and mammals - that produce eggs that are each protected by a water-tight membrane and a shell.

Amniotes

These animals are ectotherms (that is, they are cold-blooded), with a moist skin, lacking scales, through which they can fully or partially absorb oxygen. They were the first terrestrial vertebrates; the young of most species are aquatic, and the adults are true land animals.

Amphibian

The key difference between experimental and observational research designs is:

An experimental design includes a treatment that researchers use to manipulate the independent variable.

Vascular, seed-producing flowering and fruit bearing plants, in which the seeds are enclosed in an ovule within the ovary. This is the most diverse group of plants with around 250,000 species.

Angiosperm

A chemical or drug designed to kill bacteria

Antibiotic

A group of prokaryotes that are evolutionarily distinct from bacteria and that thrives in some of the most extreme environments on earth; one of the three domains of life.

Archaea

Members of an invertebrate phylum and that are characterized by a segmented body, an exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.

Arthropods

Single celled prokaryotic organisms

Bacteria

If you wanted to test the eggs for disease, what would you be looking for?

Bacteria, Viruses, Protists

Any and all of the actions performed by an organism, often in response to its environment or to the actions of another organism.

Behavior

A body structure with left and right sides that are mirror images.

Bilateral symmetry

Regions of the world with significant reservoirs of biodiversity that are under threat of destruction.

Biodiversity hotspots

The total mass of all the living organisms in a given area.

Biomass

Relating to living organisms; the biotic environment, or community, consists of all the living organisms in a given area.

Biotic

Three groups of plants (the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) that lack vascular tissue and move water and dissolved nutrients by diffusion.

Bryophytes

In photosynthesis, a series of chemical reactions in the stroma of chloroplasts, in which sugar molecules are assembled.

Calvin cycle

A layer surrounding the cell wall of many bacteria; it may restrict the movement of water out of the cell and thus allow bacteria to live in dry places, such as the surface of the skin. The ____________ contributes to the virulent characteristics of some bacteria, making them resistant to phagocytosis by the host's immune system.

Capsule

A type of terrestrial biome that has a dry climate with very little rainfall, in which water loss through evaporation exceeds water gain through precipitation. This is typically found at 30 degrees north and south latitude.

Desert

Plant-like protists that live in water and are enclosed in a silica shell.

Diatoms

The nervous system of chordates; in vertebrates, consists of the spinal chord and brain.

Dorsal hollow nerve chord

A situation on islands in which the number of species present remains constant over time, while the composition of species may change.

Dynamic equilibrium

The study of the interaction between organisms and their environments, at the level of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems.

Ecology

A community of biological organisms and the non-living environment components with which they interact.

Ecosystem

Organisms that rely on the heat from an external source to raise their body temperature and seek the shade when the air is too warm.

Ectotherms

As defined by the Endangered Species Act, species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range.

Endangered species

Organisms that use the heat produced by their cellular respiration to raise and maintain their body temperature above air temperature.

Endotherms

A tidal water passage, linked to the sea, in which salt water and fresh water mix; this is characterized by exceptionally high productivity.

Estuary

An organism composed of eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryote

Which of the following situations would render a species especially vulnerable to extinction?

It has a small habitat.

Which of the following is true about an ecosystem?

It includes bacteria and fungi., It includes the average temperature of that locality, It includes chemical resources.

Into the Jungle Question: Why was the discovery of the Coelacanth in 1938 so important?

It would help science more clearly see another possible evolutionary step from fish to land animals., It was a type of lobe finned fish thought to be extinct., It would help science understand the development of limbs in animals.

A species that has an unusually large influence on the presence or absence of numerous other species in a community.

Keystone species

In complete metamorphosis, the first stage of insect development; the larva is hatched by the egg, which eats to grow large enough to enter the pupa stage; the larva (for example, a caterpillar) looks completely different from the adult (a butterfly or moth).

Larva

The chief site of photosynthesis in most plants; forms the shoot system together with stems.

Leaf

Symbiotic partnership between fungi and chlorophyll containing algae or cyanobacteria, or both.

Lichens

Fish species characterized by two pairs of sturdy lobe-shaped fins on the underside of the body.

Lobe finned fishes

What will be the best way to test your hypothesis?

Make observations in the field on select bird nests using yourself and hidden cameras.

An organism's role in its environment; the way an organism utilizes the resources of its environment, including the space it requires, the food it consumes, and timing of reproduction.

Niche

In plant roots, a round lump containing plant cells and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Nodule

Plants that do not have vessels to transport water and dissolved nutrients, but rely on diffusion; bryophytes are an example of these.

Non-vascular plants

A flexible rod in chordates whose function in vertebrates is ultimately taken over by the backbone.

Notochord

Animals that eat both plants and other animals and thus can occupy more than one position in the food chain.

Omnivores

Which of the following can bacteria use as a source of energy?

Organic material (examples: carbohydrates and proteins), Inorganic materials (iron, oil and ammonia), Sunlight

An enclosed chamber at the base of the carpel of a flower that contains the ovule.

Ovary

The structure within the ovary of flowering plants that gives rise to female egg cells

Ovule

The accumulation in the atmosphere of oxygen released by cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic organisms. Allowed aerobic organisms to evolve.

Oxygen revolution

Animal-like protist that is propelled by tiny hair-like projections called cilia and feeds by phagocytosis.

Paramecium

An organism that lives in or on another organism, the host, and damages it.

Parasite

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed.

Parasitism

Slits between back of the mouth and the top of the throat for the passage of water for breathing and feeding; found in all chordates at some stage of development.

Pharyngeal slits

Chlorophyll-containing bacteria, or other organisms, that use the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide to glucose by photosynthesis.

Photoautotroph

The process by which some organisms are able to capture energy from the sun and store it in the chemical bonds of sugars and other molecules the plants produce.

Photosynthesis

Microscopic organisms in water that fix carbon dioxide and release oxygen; they account for one-quarter of photosynthetic production on earth.

Phytoplankton

Mammals in which the developing fetus takes its nourishment from the transfer of nutrients from the mother through the placenta, which also supplies respiratory gases and removes metabolic waste products.

Placentals

Until fairly recently, prokaryotes were classified as a single group called Kingdom Monera. What has occurred to make scientists change microbial classification?

Scientists learned that microbes were much more genetically diverse, even though they are all small.

What type of organism is seaweed?

Seaweed is a colonial organism, collections of independent protist cells.

Animals that feed on herbivores; also known as carnivores

Secondary consumers

Describes organisms that are fastened in place, such as adult mussels and barnacles.

Sessile

Fungus-like protists that can establish sheet-like colonies of cells or move as oozing masses of gooey material.

Slime molds

Which of the following does not belong in Arthropoda?

Snail

Spaces between stacks of thylakoids in the chloroplast where chemical energy is synthesized into sugar

Stroma

What type of biome is found in North Carolina?

Temperate deciduous forest and Coniferous Forest

Animals that eat other animals that eat herbivores; also known as top carnivores.

Tertiary consumers

At the grocery store or farmers market, you can find some milk/cheese/eggs/meat that say "No antibiotics" or "Antibiotic free" because most of the animal products available today are from animals that have been given antibiotics all their life. What could happen in the future if we continue to eat animal products from animals that have a constant exposure to antibiotics?

Using antibiotics when there is not any infection encourages the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which could be passed on to animals and or humans and possibly affect the future health of the animals and animal agriculture.

Weakened or harmless form of a specific pathogen that is administered to an individual to induce immunity without subjecting the individual to the disease.

Vaccine

Plants that transport water and dissolved nutrients by means of vascular tissue, a system of tubes that extends from the roots through the stem and into the leaves.

Vascular plants

Animals with a backbone.

Vertebrates

Diverse and important biological entities that can replicate but which can conduct metabolic activity only by taking over the metabolic processes of a host organism and therefore fall outside the definition of life.

Viruses

Viruses are most closely related, in that they share a common ancestor, to which domain of life?

Viruses are not considered to be part of the tree of life.

All arthropods have:

a chitinous exoskeleton and jointed appendages

What was the biggest difference between Homo habilis and Homo erectus?

a larger brain

Which of the following is a density-dependent factor that could limit future human population growth?

a pandemic flu virus

In complete metamorphosis, the third and final stage of insect development.

adult

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to increase antibiotic resistance of microbes?

not finishing the full course of an antibiotic prescribed by your doctor

Roots are important to the survival of a plant, such that many plants devote more than half of their energy to root production. Which of the following is NOT a vital function the root performs for a plant?

performing minor levels of photosynthesis

Which of the following is NOT an example of an angiosperm?

pine trees

Members of the kingdom Plantae, which are multicellular eukaryotes having cell walls made up primarily of cellulose, contain true tissues, and produce their own food by photosynthesis; they are sessile and most inhabit terrestrial environments.

plants

Chemical defenses are more common among plants than animals because:

plants cannot move to escape predators and so must develop other deterrents.

It is presently thought that protists are the ancestors of______:

plants, animals, fungi

Herbivores, which consume the output of primary producers.

primary consumers

In modern classification, one of the four eukaryotic kingdoms, this group includes all the single-celled eukaryotes.

protist

Rainbow trout are:

ray-finned fishes.

The part of a vascular plant, usually below ground, that absorbs water and minerals from the soil and transports them through vascular tissue to the rest of the plant, and that anchors the plant in place.

root