exam 1
A(n) ____ is the amount of the nutrient that should meet the needs of 50% of the healthy people who are in a particular life stage/gender group.
ear
To establish the RDA for a nutrient, first scientists determine the nutrient's ___ and then add a "margin of safety" so that the RDA meets the nutrient needs of 97% to 98% of healthy individuals.
ear
constipation can be caused by diet that is in fiber and water
low
the primary structure of the respiratory are the
lungs
In developing countries, poor sanitation practices and the lack of clean cooking and drinking water cause ______.
majority of all diseases
A state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished is termed
malnutrition
Special diets prescribed for people with chronic health conditions are called
medical nutrition therapies
Dietary supplements are also referred to as _____.
nutraceuticals
RDa
nutrient intake recommendation set to meet the needs of nearly all individuals of a given age and gender
al
nutrient intake recommendation set when research is not sufficient to determine RDA
what is a non nutrient ?
plants
Carbohydrates
primary role is to provide most forms of energy
The best term that describes a personal endorsement of a product is called a(n)___.These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products.
testimonial
In 2016, the National Academy of Sciences reported ______.
that there is no scientific evidence that indicates genetically engineered crops are unsafe for humans or harmful to the environment
The ______ inspired the development of other food pyramids for people who don't follow the Western diet.
Food Guide Pyramid
Which of the following best describes Dietary Reference Intakes?
umbrella term for various nutrient recommendations set by the Food and Nutrition Board
_____ has blood-thinning effects similar to aspirin
vitmin e, garlic, ginseng
Choose the seven standards that make up the Dietary Reference Intakes.
Adequate Intake Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake Tolerable Upper Intake Level Estimated Average Requirements Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range Estimated Energy Requirement Recommended Dietary Allowance
The standard serving size in the fruit group is equivalent to____cup fruit or fruit juice OR 1/2Blank 2Blank 2 1/2 , Correct Unavailable cup of dried fruit.
Blank 1: 1, one, 1/2, or 2 Blank 2: 1/2, one-half, half, or .5
Standards for planning nutritious diets for groups of people are called
Blank 1: Dietary or D Blank 2: Reference or R Blank 3: Intakes, I, or Intake
Which of the following dietary guides were inspired by the Food Guide Pyramid?
Mediterranean Diet Pyramids Asian Diet Pyramid
_____ promotes useless medical treatments.
Nutrition misinformation
proteins
Production of structural components, such as cell membranes, and functional components, such as enzymes
A nutrient deficiency disease occurs when______.
a nutrient is missing from the diet
Experimental epidemiological studies utilize______
a treatment group a control group
When there isn't enough research to establish a RDA, a(n)
adequate intake (aL)
Some botanical products can cause ______ reactions that result in skin, sinus, or respiratory signs and symptoms.
allergic
The majority of healthcare practices and products such as massage therapy, homeopathy, and chiropractic manipulations ______ accepted by the medical community.
are not
Choose the substances that are considered bases.
baking soda,household ammonia,and sodium hydroxide
A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide ____ information.
biased
What is the second leading cause of death to Americans?
cancer
Which of the following diseases would be considered chronic?
cancer heart disease
If you are 60 inches tall, what is your height in centimeters?
centi=2.54 60x2.54=152.4 cm
which of the following herbal supplements are considered toxic or cancer-causing?
comfrey, kava, sassafras
About 50 nutrients are considered ______.
essential
True or false: Expending more calories than consumed will result in a weight gain.
false
multivitamin and mineral supplements provide the best sources of nutrients
false
The term that describes farming methods that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment is
farming, or sustainability
consumer are often unaware that the FDA regulates dietary supplement as
food
before diet analysis software became available, nutrient analysis relied on
food composition tables
The leading cause of death to Americans is______.
heart disease
ul
highest amount of daily nutrient intakes unlikely to cause adverse health effects
Intervention studies and observational studies can be two types of _______ research.
human
Scientists make observations and generate questions which result in the formulation of a______.
hypothesis
____is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research.
hypothesis
Analysis of government food consumption data reveals that the overall quality of the American diet is _____.
improving
After an immigrant population has assimilated fully, the prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure
increase
A placebo pill is considered to be ______ because the substances in the pill do not produce measurable physical changes.
inert
hair, skin and nails are structures of the ______system
integumentary system
Consumers need to be aware that medicinal herds may contain substance
interfere with the functions of prescription and over-the-counter medications
What can metabolize undigested food, make vitamins and neurotransmitters and produce substances that the colon can use for energy?
intestinal bacteria
when an atom (or group of atom) gain or loses one or more electrons it has an electrical charge and is called
ion
Which of the following nutrients are considered essential?
iron glucose water
Plant foods in the protein foods group include _____.
lentils. navy beans. nuts.
Choose products that would be considered a dietary supplement.
mineral vitamin amino acid
which system of the body produces heat to help maintain normal body temperature ?
muscular or homeostasis
The main goal of ______ is to remind consumers to think about building a healthy plate at meal times and to learn more about healthy eating.
myplate
In addition to the product name, name and address of the manufacturer, amount of product in the package, and the ingredients panel, the ______ must list certain nutrients.
nutrition facts panel
The Journal of Nutrition, The New England Journal of Medicine, and Journal of the American Dietetic Association are all examples of______.
peer-reviewed journals
the contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called _______
peristalsis
wave of musclar contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called____.
peristalsis
The amount of a nutrient that allows the body to function optimally is called the
physiological dose
the scientific study of how cell and body structure function is called
physiology
A plant chemical that is not considered a nutrient but may provide health benefits is called a
phytochemical
What is the term for a compound made by plants but not considered a nutrient?
phytochemical
A type of fiber that is not digested well but supports and promotes the growth of probiotics in the colon is called
prebiotics
"Our patented Fat Buster System is guaranteed to take 2 inches off your waistline in the first week!" This claim raises which of the following red flags that indicate unreliable nutrition information?
promises of a quick fix
Control groups should be assembled______
random
assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that members of treatment and control groups have similar characteristics. This enhances the validity of the study results.
random
Choose the foods and beverages that are considered "empty calories".
regular soft drinks cakes and cookies alcohol anything that is suger in it high amout
the endocrine system inculdes _______
regulation of metabolism the workings of hormones the thyroid gland and fat cells
lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called______which is produced by glands in the month
saliva
Nutrition researchers rely on the_____method, which involves making observations, asking questions, and developing hypotheses.
scientific
Comfrey, pennyroyal, sassafras, and kava are all examples of herbal supplements that______.
should be avoided
The term used to describe farming methods that meet the demand for more food without depleting natural resources and harming the environment is called_____agriculture
sustainable
The "meat-and-potatoes" diet is common in
the United Kingdom. Germany. Scandinavia.
True or false: Botanical products can evoke allergic and inflammatory reactions because they often contain pollens.
true
True or false: Nuts are an example of a food that is energy dense but does not contain empty calories.
true
True or false: USDA sponsored websites are a good resource to evaluate food intake
true
Correlations are relationships between _____.
variables
What is produced when a wheat kernel is stripped of its nutrient-rich germ and bran?
white flour
To achieve nutritional adequacy one should consume a variety of foods from the following food groups.
whole grains fruits and vegetables
gram
wieght
An example of an Internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a______.
.com site
Limit added sugars to less than _____ of daily calories.
10
A gram of protein contains_____kilocalories per gram.
4
cell working together with similar characteristic and function joined together into larger masses
>>>>>
essential nutrients
A nutrient that must be supplied by food and cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body is called a(n)
choose the true statement about the Ph scale
A solution with a pH of 4.0 has a H+ concentration and is more acidic than a solution with a pH of 12.0. The scale ranges from 0 to 14. Tomatoes have a pH of 4.0, therefore are more acidic than an egg with a pH of 8.0.
Which of the following best describes a kilocalorie?
A unit describing the energy content of food.
Protein
AMDR 10-35
about alcohol that are true.
Alcohol provides energy. Pure alcohol furnishes about 7 kcal/gram. Alcohol is not a nutrient.
_____ _____ _____ practices includes a variety of practices and products that are not accepted by the majority of physicians.
Alternative Health Care
Increasing the variety of protein foods in the diet would involve including which plant protein sources?
Beans, peas, lentils
What is the newest DRI category?
CDRR
In 1994, Congress passed the ______, a law that classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals as foods, thereby limiting FDA's ability to regulate dietary supplements.
DSHEA
What occurs when an essential nutrient is missing from the diet?
Deficiency disease will occur.
Which is true about the role of diet in health?
Diet is only one aspect of lifestyle that affects health.
To prevent disease, achieve optimal health, and reduce the risk of nutrient deficiencies, nutrition experts have established the______
Dietary Reference Intakes
which of the following best describes the passage of feces form the body ?
Feces remain in the rectum until moved into the anal canal and out the anus.
Healthy People 2030 for Nutrition and Weight Status.
Increase the variety and intake of vegetables among people who are 2 years of age and older Reduce the proportion of obese children and adolescents Reduce the proportion of adults who are obese
Describe the design of a case-control study
Individuals with a disease are matched to a person with similar characteristics who do not have the disease. Factors are identified that may be responsible for the disease.
Which of the following are examples of peer-reviewed medical and nutrition journals?
Journal of the American College of Nutrition Journal of the American Medical Association New England Journal of Medicine
what influences your eating
Numerous factors influence food choices, including food advertising, peers, income, moods, and personal beliefs.
Forms of dietary fiber that are poorly digested by humans but support and promote the growth of probiotics in the colon.
Prebiotics
The purpose and framework of the Exchange System includes which of the following?
The tool provides a manageable framework for designing diets. This tool categorizes foods into carbohydrates, protein, and fats. The tool provides a manageable framework, especially for treatment of diabetics.
statement about genetically modified crops.
There is no scientific evidence that genetically modified crops are harmful to the environment. There is no scientific evidence that indicates genetically modified crops are unsafe for humans to consume.
Which statements are true when comparing nutrient composition in the bodies of men and women? Think about the differences in composition in men and women to help you answer this question
They have similar amounts of carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins.
True or false: On a food label, a Calorie is really a kilocalorie. Hint - Note the capital "C" in the term Calorie.
True
Finding a solution to the world food crisis is a purpose of ______.
UNICEF
Which two government agencies collaborate every five years to publish the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
USDA U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
Which statements are true when comparing nutrient composition in the bodies of men and women?
Women have less water and protein and more fat.
The RDA is established by adding _____ to the EAR.
a "margin of safety"
Experimental epidemiological studies utilize______.
a control group a treatment group
A(n)____ loses hydrogen ion when dissolved in water whereas a(n)_____ accepts hydrogen ion when dissolved in water
acid , bases
No specific food contains _____ the nutrients needed by the body.
all of
All of the following are protein rich foods that make good substitutes for meat EXCEPT:
avocado
One substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is
bile
the main function of ______ is to emulsify fat,thus assisting in fat digestion.
bile
Which nutrients provide energy?
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
the heart,blood vessels, and blood make up the ________
cardiovascular
the system in an example of an organ system
cardiovascular
_____is s the smallest living functional unit in an organism.
cell
Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. These include which of the following?
claims that sound too good to be true recommendations that promise a quick fix recommendations based on a single study
A type of epidemiological study where researchers observe a population and collect data over time is called a
cohort
In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time.
cohort
The RDAs are standards for recommending the _____ of several nutrients.
daily intakes
The Exchange System (now referred to as Choose Your Foods) was originally developed to assist people with
diabetes.
a condition characterized by frequent bowel movements with loose stools is called
diarrhea
the major of the digestion and absorption occurs in ____
duodenum jejunum
What value would you look at to determine the calorie intake a person should consume each day to maintain body weight?
eer
In the protein-rich food group, choose foods that are classified as protein-rich AND non-meat.
eggs, beans, and nuts. tofu and seeds.
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of disease patterns among various populations is known a
epidemiology,
Information based on the results of scientific studies is called ______ _______ information.
evidence-based
Poor eating habits contribute to the development of _____.
excess body fat heart disease type 2 diabetes some types of cancer
_____Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of the press and speech, so people can provide false nutrition information.
frist
In order to reduce hunger, families and small farmers in underdeveloped countries can learn more efficient ways to______.
grow food distribute food process food
The Estimated Energy Requirement is based on the needs of individuals who are______.
heatly
is the relatively constant internal environment in the body that is critical for good health and survival
homeostasis
drug_____
is a substance that alters body functions, may have beneficial as well as harmful effect, may be natural or man-made
Homeostasis can be disrupted by_______>
lengthy periods of sickness changes in the cell's internal environment changes in the cell's external environment
the_____ its open space inside a structure such as the small intestine
lumen
which the following are function of the liver
manufacture bile, makes cholestorl
Who has more body water?
men
What system of measurement is used in nutrition?
metric
Milk has a pH between 6.3-6.6 and household ammonia has a pH of 10. Which product is most acidic?
milk
the absorptive cells of the villus _____
move nutrients from chyme into intestinal blood move nutrients from chyme into lacteals
The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by
moving nutrients from chyme into blood or lymph
the main organs of the muscular system ae the
muscles
Choose the food that is energy dense but provides some nutrition.
nut
The substance found in many plants that is not considered a nutrient but has many healthful benefits is called a
phytochemical
Many ______ are antioxidants that may reduce risks of heart disease and certain cancers.
phytochemicals
Most foods contain a mixture of _____.
protein fat carbohydrate
Choose the five major food groups.
protein grains dairy products fruits vegetables
Choose the titles that are legally protected.
registered dietitian nutritionist registered dietitian
The smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health is called a _____.
requirement
a___is the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health.
requirement
the most reliable nutrition advice is based on _____.
research
which system of the body is responsible for putting oxygen in the blood and removing carbon dioxide?
respiratory system
Epidemiologists use data from NHANES to determine the
risk factors for major diseases. national standards for height, weight, and blood pressure. prevalence of major diseases.
enzyme _____
speed up chemical reactions are recyclable
The endosperm is mostly _____.
starch
Choose the chemicals that function as an enzyme.
sucrase lactase ATPase
Dietary analysis software programs and websites can be quick and easy tools for determining
the energy content of foods. the nutrient content of foods.
if a patient believes that a treatment will improve their illness, even if the treatment is a scam, they will likely see an improvement. This improvement is called _____.
the placebo effect
___________is the standard representing the highest average amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to be harmful when consumed daily.
tolerable upper intake level
Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health.
true
Nutrition-related factors that contribute to many worldwide deaths in children under 5 years include _____.
undernutrition vitamin deficiencies
is the most essential nutrient.?
water
what type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to liver before they enter the general cicrulation?
water-soluble compunds
diet
your usual pattern of food choices came increasingly under your control
which of the following statements are technically accurate?
1 kilocalorie = 1000 calories 1 kilocalorie = 1 Calorie
According to MyPlate, which of the following is equivalent to a standard serving in the protein foods group?
1 ounce of meat 1 egg 1/4 cup of cooked dry beans
Which of the following are USDA approved organic labeling categories?
100% organic made with organic ingredients organic
A health claim could be included on a food label with
19% of DV for Vitamin A.
A kilogram equals 1000 grams or about _____ pounds.
2.2
What constant is used to convert inches to centimeters?
2.54
If you consume 2000 kcal per day, you should limit your added sugars to less than
200
The ability to control the external anal sphincter voluntarily usually occurs by ______ years of age.
4
A food with 120 kcal from protein, has about _____ grams of protein.
4=gram 120/4=30
The EAR should meet the needs of ____ percent of healthy people in a particular life stage/gender group.
50
How many kilocalories are in one gram of alcohol?
7
true about essential nutrients.
Essential nutrients must be supplied by food. The body does not make enough of the nutrient to meet the body's needs or does not make the nutrient
True or false: Most foods are predominantly one nutrient.
False
True or false: Vitamins provide usable calories for the body.
False
Which of the following is true about a case-control study?
Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.
______ is the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition advice.
RD
Your diet is likely to be nutritionally adequate if your average daily intake for each nutrient meets the nutrient's _____ or AI value.
RDA
Popular sources of nutrition information such as news media and web sites ____ peer-reviewed.
are not
Herbal supplements ____ interact with and influence other medications.
can
The study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can happen to it is called
chemisrty
A cancer that develops in the colon or the rectum and is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths is called cancer.
colorectal cancer
A valid experiment requires both a treatment and____group
control
The participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the_____group
control
Much of the information about nutrition, especially in magazines, on the internet, or on television is not _____, or not supported by scientific evidence.
evidence based
Your client weights 150 pounds, what is her weight in kilograms?
kg=2.2 150/2.2=68.2g
the hollow space in an organ that is surround by walls is called
lumen
What is the state of health when the body is improperly nourished, including under- and overnutrition?
malnutrition
segmentation differs from peristalsis in that segmentation
mixes chyme through a back and forth movement
When researchers find new evidence for better nutrition practices and expanded principles of nutrition, _____.
old beliefs and practices about nutrition are discarded
An organism that has a digestive system that can adjust to alterations in nutritional composition or amounts of food consumed by increasing the production of digestive enzymes is called a(n)\
omnivore
an organism that can digest and absorb nutrients form plants, animals,fungi, and even bacteria is called _____
omnivore
In the fruits group, the standard serving size is equivalent to
one cup of fruit. half cup raisins.
A centimeter is
one hundredth of a meter
a group of organs that work together for a similar purpose forms a(n) _____system
organ
The type of treatment that contains inert substances and does not produce any measurable physical changes is called a
placebo
live,beneficial intestinal microbes (primary bacteria or yeast)that have been grown under laboratory conditions are called
probiotics
the purpose of UNICEF is to ______.
provide high-quality food for undernourished populations
Ringlike muscular contractions followed by relaxations that are designed to help mix the chyme in the small intestine are called
segmentation
the system of the body that produce red blood cells and store serval mineral is called the _______ system
skeletal system
what is the largest organ of the body?
skin
A cell is the name of the ______ living functional unit in an organism.
smallest
Chyme is formed in the
stomach
Which of the following are less reliable sources of nutrition information?
television advertisements magazines commercial internet sites (.com sites)
A personal endorsement of a product is called a _____.
testimonail
A famous football player appears in a advertisement for a new sports drink and he endorses the use of this drink to enhance performance. This is called a______.
testimonial
The USDA food guide created in the late 1980s was illustrated using a(n)_____shape
triangle
___Is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.
variable
Since no natural food contains all the nutrients as they are needed by the body, _____ can help ensure the nutritional adequacy of a diet.
variety
Carbohydrates
AMDR 45-65
Scientist record eating patterns of a group of healthy people and if this group shows no signs of a nutrient deficiency disorder, the average intake of the nutrient evaluated becomes the _____.
Adequate Intake (AI)
People who take certain herbal products or use other unconventional medical therapies to prevent or treat diseases are often convinced the products and treatments are effective, despite the general lack of scientific evidence to support their beliefs. Such personal findings may be examples of the____ _____
Blank 1: placebo Blank 2: effect
Which of the following is an example of an acceptable health claim?
Calcium may reduce the risk for osteoporosis.
is specialized to perform a particular function is the smallest functional unit of an organism
Cell_____
the study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can happen to it
Chemistry is______.
"Adults should limit their sodium intake to less than 2300 mg/day to reduce the risk of chronic disease" is an example of the______.
Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intakes
Which of the following are appropriate food intake recommendations for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding?
Consume 8 to 12 ounces of seafood per week from a variety of seafood types. Consume foods rich in iron or take an iron supplement. Do not eat tilefish, shark, swordfish, and king mackerel because they may contain high amounts of methylmercury.
Which of the following is an appropriate food intake recommendation for women who are capable of becoming pregnant?
Consume iron rich food or take an iron supplement if recommended by a health care provider. Consume 400 mcg of folic acid/day
DSHEA
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act-a dietary supplement is a product (excluding tobacco) that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake.
Choose the true statements about the role of the FDA in approving dietary supplements.
Dietary supplements do not follow the same rigorous review as medications. Manufacturers do not have to provide proof of the efficacy of a dietary supplement. A manufacturer of a dietary supplement does not need FDA approval before introducing their product to the market.
Which of the following meals exemplifies the recommendations of the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid?
Fruits, vegetables, beans, olive oil, and wine in moderation
Increasing the number of adults who are at a healthy weight, reducing the number of children who are obese, and increasing the calcium intake for people who are 2 years of age or older are all objectives of______.
Healthy People 2030
A control group is important for which of the following reasons?
It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. It enables scientists to control the influence of other variables in the study.
Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment?
Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists summarize the findings. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.
Identify the basic goals of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Shift to healthier food and beverage choices. Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan. Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount of food. Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake.
Which of the following is NOT required on the Supplement Facts label?
Structure-function claim
Which of the following are true facts about the percentages of Daily Values when applied to the Nutrition Facts food label?
The 2000-kcalorie diet allows easy comparison among similar foods. People requiring more or less than 2000-kcalories must make the necessary adjustment. They are based on a 2000-kcalorie diet.
Which of the following protects cells and their components from being damaged or destroyed by exposure to certain environmental and internal factors?
antioxidants
Six classes of nutrients
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
Because epidemiological studies are based in observation and are not experimental, _____ cannot be established.
causation
Medical nutrition therapies are______.
diets prescribed by physicians for chronic health conditions
If a health claim appears on the label of a nutrient supplement, it must also include a
disclaimer from the FDA.
Sustainable agriculture involves farming methods that______.
do not harm the environment do not deplete natural resource
A poor diet and physical inactivity will increase your risk of______.
dying prematurely
a protein that catalyzes chemical reaction inside the body called
enzyme
a molecule that speeds up a chemical is called a(n)
enzymes
Which types of studies cannot establish cause and effect?
epidemiological
ist the organs in the order they occur in the gastrointestinal tract.
esophagus,stoamch,small instestine ,large intestines, retum
Vitamins, minerals, water, and amino acids are all examples of _____.
essential nutrients
The Dietary Reference Intakes help people to______.
evaluate nutritional adequacy evaluate nutritional deficiency plan a nutritious diet
In addition to diet, what other lifestyle habit is essential for good health?
exercise
A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called a(n)______.
experiment
Nutrition scientists conduct _____ studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices.
experimental
Which of the following studies involve human subjects?
experimental (intervention) studies observational studies
True or false: If your diet meets the RDA or AI values, your food intake is unlikely to be nutritionally sound
false
By making certain dietary changes (such as decreasing fat intake), a person may _____.
forestall the development of certain diseases lessen the severity of a disease
Identify three organs that are an important part of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal trac
liver,gallbladder,pancres
When choosing dairy products, the recommendation is to choose dairy products that are _____.
low fat or fat free
What is considered the first step when conducting experimental research?
make observations
the role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to
make some vitamins and neurotransmitter metabolize undigested food
Which two nutrients provide no usable calories for the body?
minerals and vitamins
is the scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them
nutrition
Examples of foods that are nutrient dense and energy dense are _____.
nuts peanut butter wholemilk
Good sources of plant proteins include
nuts. peas. beans.
Foods that are produced without the use of antibiotics, hormones, or synthetic fertilizers or pesticides are called
organic
foods are foods produced without the use of antibiotics, hormones, or synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.
organic
Before an article can be published, a critical analysis of the article is conducted by fellow research colleagues. This process is called
peer review
When a study is complete, investigators that were not part of the study will be recruited to critically analyze the study. This is called a
peer review
What term describes the amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally?
physiological dose
In an experiment, a "sugar pill" or fake injection is called a(n)______.
placebo
Which of the following nutrients function by regulating body processes and providing energy for the body?
proteins lipids
Some strategies to reduce poverty and hunger include _____.
providing food aid learning more efficient ways to grow food
Using a copper bracelet to treat arthritis is an example of
quackery
A randomized controlled trial (RCT) must have members of the treatment and control groups assigned _____.
ramdomly
Which nutrient standard is set to meet or exceed 97.5% of the requirement for nearly all healthy Americans?
rda
A member of a treatment group______.
receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated
Dietary Reference Intakes are intended to help people______.
reduce their risk of nutrient deficiencies achieve optimal health lower disease risk
A college-trained health-care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition is called a
registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN). registered dietitian (RD).
Choose the chronic diseases in which dietary factors contribute to the disease's development.
stroke kidney disease cancer Alzheimer's disease
Epidemiology is the study of several characteristics of health problems in populations including______.
their distribution their occurrence
What are the appropriate uses of the DRI standards?
to ensure that one specific nutrient is not overconsumed to prevent disease to achieve optimal health to reduce the risk of nutrient deficiencies
what is the main function of the reproductive system?
to produce children
which of the following are considered functions of the nervous system
transmits information controls and regulates hunger
A person in a scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drug is a member of the_____group
treatment
True or false: Molecules can contain the same or different elements.
true
True or false: The dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings.
true
Americans with low incomes and individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa and chronic alcoholism are at increased risk of
undernutrition
A characteristic or other factor that can change and influence an outcome is called a _____.
variable
after blood flows though the body it return to the heart through the ______.
veins
diarrhea is most often caused by viral infection_____
viral infections bacterial infections
Experiments using whole living organisms are classified as______.
vivo
Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in_____whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in____
vivo,vitro
The label on a jar of baby food lists the following ingredients, in this order: water, carrots, ground turkey, rice flour, wheat flour, peas, potato flour, onion powder." Which ingredient is most abundant, by weight, in the product?
water
Which nutrient comprises the largest percentage of the body of a healthy man or woman?
water
Which of the following are the major classes of nutrients?
water carbohydrates lipids
It is difficult to keep up with new information on nutrition science, often confusing the public, because______.
we expect medical experts to have definitive answers that do not change -what we learn is constantly evolving -recommendations undergo revisions when new evidence is revealed
In the vegetable group, the standard serving size is equivalent to:
1 cup cooked vegetables 1 cup 100% vegetable juice 1 cup raw vegetables
How many kilocalories is provided by 10 grams of pure alcohol?
7=kilo 10x7=70kiol
fat*
AMDR 20-35
Which Dietary Reference Intake sets a nutrient intake level that reduces chronic disease risk within a healthy population?
CDRR
Choose the foods that are part of the dairy group on MyPlate.
Fat-free milk. Low-fat cottage cheese
Which of the following pieces of information is required on most foods sold in stores?
Ingredients listed in descending order by weight Amount of product in the package Product name Name and address of manufacturer
water
Maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of body temperature, elimination of wastes, and transportation of substances Participant in many chemical reactions
What diseases are affected by nutrition?
Malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and diabetes.
What is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time?
Prospective
Vitamins
Regulation of body processes, including cell metabolism Maintenance of immune function, production and maintenance of tissues, and protection against agents that can damage cellular components
minerals
Regulation of body processes, including fluid balance and metabolism; formation of certain chemical messengers; structural and functional components of various substances and tissues; physical growth, maintenance, and development
Why do nutrition recommendations change?
Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.
Lipids
Source of energy (fat) Cellular development, -necessary for the absorption of certain vitamins
The basic premise of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans includes which of the following statements?
The Dietary Guidelines are designed to promote good health and reduce the risk of major nutrition-related chronic health conditions.
Which of the following is true about organic food labeling?
The ability to use the label means the food has met strict government standards
Which of the following is true about control groups?
The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used.
Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical processes that provide energy for the body to perform work is termed _____.
self-contained living structures that have similar characteristics and functions,join together to form _______
Tissue
Where could someone go to find good websites to evaluate food intake?
USDA sponsored websites
Choose the statements that are true about inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two most common forms. The cause is unknown. It is a general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of the intestines.
the liver,gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the the digestive system but are considered to be_______ struture
accessory
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 defines a supplement as a product that______.
adds to a person's dietary intake contains one or more dietary ingredients
The effects of malnutrition can be devastating on the following stages of rapid growth.
infancy childhood pregnancy
Choose the true statements about cystic fibrosis.
inherited incurable disease Cells produce a thick, sticky mucus that blocks passageways in the body digestion of nutrients may be impaired
nutrition
is the scientific study of nutrients, chemicals necessary for proper body functioning and how the body used them
How many kilocalories from protein are provided from a food containing 4 grams of protein?
kil=4 4x4=16
_____is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.
laboratory experiment
What contributes to the spread of infectious disease in developing countries?
lack of clean cooking and drinking water poor sanitation practices
Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ______.
lack of proper nutrition poor diets
list the organ of digestive tractin order, form start to finish
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
when an atom gain one electron it has a charge
negative
the brain , spinal cord and the nerves make up the
nervous system
Chemicals are part of many aspects of the environment, including food. Chemicals are _____.
not necessarily harmful
Who are the subjects in a case-control study?
person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation
Epidemiologists often rely on ______ people to obtain health data.
physical examinations of surveys of
Generally, a sham medicine or treatment used to mimic the treatments given to the participants in an experiment is called a(n)
placebo
An energy intake greater than energy expenditure results in _____.
body fat increases
which of the following are the principal organ ofthe sketeal system?
bones ligaments tendons
what are the functions of the digestive system?
breakdown of foods into nutrients absorption of nutrients into blood or lymph
_____is a unit of heat energy needed to raise one
calorie
the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood occurs across the cell lining the ________
capillaries
Which classes of nutrients provide the body with energy?
carbohydrates proteins lipids
molecules are formed when 2 or more atom interact and are held together by
chemical bond
How is a disease classified when a disease takes many years to develop and has complex causes?
chronic
Which circumstances increase a person's chances of undernutrition in the United States?
chronic alcoholism living in poverty anorexia nervosa
the mixture of gastritis juices and partially digested food formed in the stomach is called _______.
chyme
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water are all______.
classes of nutrients
Observational epidemiological research includes______.
cohort studies case-control studies
The information we know about the relationship between diet and health is _____.
constantly evolving
Dietary moderation can be achieved by______.
consuming food in reasonable amounts obtaining nutrients from the food one eats
Jon and Jane were subjects in an experiment designed to test whether vitamin C had any effect on the severity of the flu. Jon received a dose of vitamin C daily while Jane did not. Jane was in which group?
control
______group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.
control
When a relationship between two variables is measured, a _____ can be established.
correlation
A disease that produces thick mucus that block passageways , particularly in the respiratory and digestive systems is called_
cystic
When a nutrient is missing or deficient in the diet, a ___ disease occurs
deficiency,
If a vitamin, amino acid, herb, or mineral is sold, it is considered a
dietary
A product that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake is called a(n)______.
dietary supplement
if you frequently eat less than the _____ for a nutrient, you may be at risk for developing the nutrient's deficiency disorder.
ear
A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means is called a(n)______.
elements
calorie foods are ones that are high in solid fats and/or added sugar. They provide calories, but few to no nutrients. Some examples are cookies, cakes, sodas, pizza, and candy.
empty
which of the following are examples of organ systems?
endocrine system and digestive system
eer
estimation of calorie needs based on gender, age, height, weight, and physical activity level
Phytochemicals are found in ______ and provide significant health benefits.
fruits and vegetables
The typical American diet of those 2 years and older does not provide enough
fruits and vegetables. fat-free and low-fat milk.
If a person consumes more calories than he/she expends they will _____ weight.
gain
Which are examples of food/drug interactions?
ginseng increasing bleeding kava acting as a sedativ
The metric prefixes micro--, milli--, centi--, deci--, centi--, and kilo indicate whether a measurement is a fraction or a multiple of a _____.
gram liter meter
The RDN credential indicates that the person______.
has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition
A true nutrition expert _____.
has experience in the application of scientific methodology. has extensive college coursework in nutrition. is usually a registered dietitian.
the cardiovascular system is made up of whic of the following components?
heart , blood vessel and blood
Poor eating habits contribute to the leading causes of death to Americans. The top two leading causes of death to Americans are _____.
heart disease cancer
two of the ten leading cause by death
heart disease some type of cancer stroke and type 2 diabetes
Dietary supplements include______.
herbal extracts protein powders nutrient pills
the chemical messengers of the body are called _____
hormones
What does the scientific study of nutrition include?
how the body uses nutrients the chemicals necessary for body functioning nutrients
most enzyme end with the letter______.
ase
Consuming reasonable amounts of food while obtaining enough nutrients from food is defined as dietary______.
moderation
When two or more atoms interact and are held together by a chemical bond, a_____ formed
molecule
when two or morw atoms interact and are held together by a chemical bond is a_______ formed
molecules
John telling his friend that taking a new weight loss pill helped him effectively lose weight is an example of _________ information.
anecdotal
When a friend tells you she is taking a vitamin B complex supplement and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an_____or a report of a personal experience.
anecdotes
meter
lenght
components of saliva include
lingual and salivary amylase
the hepatis portal vein takes water soluble nutrients to the
liver
the______ uses cholesterol to make bile
liver
liter
volumeBB
