AP Euro Chapter 24 Review

Berlin Conference

1885- Europeans met to divide Africa among themselves without regard for linguistic, religious, or ethnic boundaries

Henri Bergson

A French philosophy professor who said that personal experiences and intuition were more important than rational thought and thinking

Post-Impressionism

A late 19th century artistic movement that extended the boundaries of Impressionism in new directions to focus on structure, composition, fantasy, and subjective expression.

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis

Reinsurance Treaty

Bismarck's Alliance with Russia to prevent Russia from allying with France

Triple Alliance

Bismarck's alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy designed to support the status quo and guard against France

Three Emperor's League

Bismarck's alliance with Russia and Austria-Hungary designed to prevent French revenge for the Franco-Prussian War

Women's Social and Political Union

English women's rights organization founded by Emmeline Pankhurst that sometimes used extreme tactics

Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Englishman who promoted extreme nationalism and scientific racism, believed the Aryan race was the most pure

Spheres of Influence

Europeans established these exclusive trading areas in China which allowed them to economically dominate China without actually colonizing it

Dreyfus Affair

French Jewish military officer wrongly accused of selling secrets to Germany, event polarized France and demonstrated rising anti-Semitism in Europe in the late 19th century

Marie and Pierre Curie

French Noble Prize winners who discovered radioactivity and the elements of radium and polonium in the early 1900s.

Émile Zola

French writer, showed how alcoholism and different environment can affect people's lives, also wrote J'Accuse editorial during the Dreyfus affair

Theodor Herzl

German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people.

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Max Planck

German physicist who proved that subatomic energy was emitted from particles, he called them "quanta"

pogroms

Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia

Sepoy Mutiny

Indian soldiers working for British rebelled due to tainted bullets, British crushed revolt but was a early symbol to Indians was resistance to British imperial rule

Emmeline Pankhurst

Leads movement to win women's vote (suffrage) through militant (radical, sometimes violent) means

Otto von Bismarck

Negotiated series of alliances to maintain balance of power and protect Germany, also opposed German imperialism

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosopher, challenged the belief in progress. rejected religion and believed "God is dead"

Cubism

Picasso, geometric designs to create reality, beginning of abstract painting

Paul Gauguin

Post-Impressionism whose work was heavily influenced by his time in Tahiti

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Georges Sorel

Was the main intellectual French exponent of revolutionary socialism. Called for a General Strike to force the issues.

Zionism

a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine

Boxer Rebellion

anti-westernization rebellion by Chinese that targeted and killed westerners in 1900, especially Christians, eventually crushed by European armies

Vincent van Gogh

art was a spiritual experience, artists should paint what they feel, painted Starry Night and Bedroom

White Man's Burden

belief that it was the duty of Europeans to "civilize"

Positives of Imperialism

expanded technology and medicine to colonies, educated elites to work in colonial governments

Zulu Resistance

fiercely fought against British and Dutch settlers in southern Africa for land, had some successes before being defeated

Indian National Congress

formed in 1885, organization of Indians who fought for share with British in governance of India, later demanded independence

First and Second Balkans Wars

fought between Balkans countries 1912-1913, Serbian dreams of Slavic kingdom blocked by Austria over nationalist concerns which upset Russia

Second Industrial Revolution

inventions from this event such as the railroad, steamship, quinine, etc helped Europeans create large empires in the 19th century

Karl Lueger

mayor of Vienna who promoted extreme nationalism and anti-Semitism

Congress of Berlin

meeting for European powers to resolve differences over control of the Balkans, especially between Russia and Austria-Hungary

Motivations for Imperialism

nationalism, desire to spread Christianity, social darwinism, desire for land, competition, desire for markets, raw materials

anti-Semitism

prejudice and/or hatred of Jews.

Negatives of Imperialism

racial discrimination, coerced labor, destruction of indigenous culture, lasting dependence of colonies on European economically

Meiji Restoration

rapid industrialization and adoption of western culture by Japanese government after the USA forced Japan open to trade in 1850s

Paul Cezanne

sought to express underlying geometric structure of what he painted

Vladimir Lenin

spoke out against imperialism because he believed Europeans became imperialist nations in order to expand their capitalist reaches

Pan-German League

stressed strong German nationalism that discriminated against outsiders, also a strong proponent of of imperialism to unite Germans and increase nationalism

Bosnian Annexation Crisis

triggered when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, eventually drew in German Kaiser Wilhelm II who promised to attack Russia if it continued to support Serbia