AP Euro Dictatorships and the Second World War
In an effort to avoid a second "world war", when did the Britain and France adopt a policy of appeasement toward Germany? a. Before the war began. b. When they declared war. c. When the United States declared war. d. After France was invaded and divided.
a
In the "night of the long knives" in June 1934 Adolf Hitler a. ordered the murder of his own paramilitary supporters b. slaughtered millions of Jews c. attacked Poland with a blitzkrieg d. ordered the execution of President Hindenburg e. escaped assassination planned by the army
a
In the first decade and a half after World War I, British foreign policy focused on a. the "Irish question" and problems in the Middle East b. Mussolini's overseas expansionism c. Japanese aggression in mainland Asia d. the rise of Nazism e. Communism in Russia
a
In what country was the Fascist party and government formed? a. Italy b. Japan c. Spain d. Germany
a
Inflation in Germany during 1923 impacted the society in the manner described by which of the following statements? a. The middle class lost their savings and their standard of living declined. b. There was an overall reduction in social tensions. c. The welfare system enacted by Bismarck prevented economic devastation. d. There was a massive migration of people from the cities to the countryside. e. The Germans cooperated with other European powers happily due to shared economic pain.
a
The "Corporate State" was a concept developed by Mussolini which a. stressed the unity and common interests of all social classes b. established a government operated by business executives c. stated that government ought to make a profit d. denounced the military/industrial complex e. merged liberalism with socialism
a
The "Popular Front" in France in the 1930s was composed of a. a coalition of liberals and conservatives b. neo-fascists c. a coalition of clerics and royalists d. a coalition of socialists and communists e. peasants
a
The United States entered World War II as a direct result of what? a. The attack on Pearl Harbor. b. The invasion and division of France. c. The invasion and division of Poland. d. Attacks on U.S. ships in the Atlantic.
a
The constitution of Weimar Germany helped to undermine the republican form of government by a. Providing for rule by a single individual in cases of national emergency b. Favoring the Left over the Right in the political spectrum c. Committing Germany to support all decisions made by the World Court d. Denying some citizens the basic civil rights of a modern democracy e. Using complicated legal language that few people could understand
a
The economist John Maynard Keynes did which of the following? a. He urged governments to increase mass purchasing power in times of deflation b. He defended the principles of the Versailles Treaty c. He helped establish the British Labor Party d. He prophesied the inevitable economic decline of capitalism e. He originated the concept of marginal utility to replace the labor theory of value
a
Neville Chamberlain's promise of "peace in our time" referred to a. success in negotiations over war reparations b. success of the Appeasement policy c. the agreement at Rapallo d. the Kellogg-Briand pact e. the League of Nations
b
Surrealism, an artistic genre of the twentieth century, has as a central theme the a. Accurate portrayal of a moment in time b. Exploration of dream images and the irrational c. Depiction of contemporary mass-produced goods and images d. Idealization of cone, cube, and cylinder shapes e. Portrayal of ordinary people in natural settings
b
The "Cult of Personality" was cultivated by all of the following EXCEPT a. Stalin b. Tojo c. Franco d. Hitler e. Mussolini
b
The French post-World War I economy was in chaos for all of these reasons EXCEPT a. the tremendous loss of life and property damage inflicted by the war b. the economic policies of Raymond Poincare c. the Russian default on prewar investments by the French d. the cost of fighting the war e. the failure of the Germans to pay expected reparations
b
The German bombing of London during World War II a. reduced civilian morale b. increased civilian morale c. disabled the transportation system d. halted industrial production e. led to the total evacuation of the city
b
The Germans first successfully used the blitzkrieg tactics in an attack on what eastern European country, which helped to also set off World War II? a. France. b. Poland. c. Finland. d. The Soviet Union.
b
The Nazis practiced genocide toward Jews, Gypsies, and other "undesirable" peoples in Europe. What does the term "genocide" mean? a. Acting out of anti-Semitic beliefs. b. Deliberate extermination of a specific group of people. c. Terrorizing of the citizens of a nation by a government. d. Killing of people for the express purpose of creating terror.
b
The above building (looks almost like upside down question mark), constructed in Germany in 1925 by Walter Gropius, is designed in which style? a. Rococo b. Bauhaus c. Victorian d. Regency e. Post-modem
b
The above table of the armaments production of powers indicates which of the following? a. Britain was more productive than Germany 1940-43 b. the Allies had three times the potential productive capacity of the Axis c. Japan and Germany alone were virtually equal in their productive capacity to the Allies d. Germany had a greater productive capacity than any other country e. Factors other than war production were likely to be more important in contributing to the Allied victory
b
The fall of Singapore to the Japanese in 1942 marked the end of a. American power in the Pacific b. European supremacy in East Asia c. the German overseas empire d. exclusive control of Asia by Asians e. commercial prosperity in East Asia
b
The inflation which went out of control in Germany in 1923 was caused by a. Lenin and Trotsky's victory in the Russian civil war b. money printed to pay striking workers in the Ruhr c. renewed military spending after Versailles was renounced d. new welfare legislation based on insufficient taxation e. failure of the banking system
b
The most compelling reason for granting women suffrage in Britain after the First World War was a. gratitude for their letters and parcels sent to men in the trenches during the war b. the independence and income they earned after replacing men in the factories during the war c. there were too few men left alive to vote d. the Conservative Party's commitment to full equality for women e. the leader of the Labour party was a woman
b
The Battle of Britain forced Germany to do what to their war plans in Europe in 1942? a. Join the Axis powers. b. Fight a three-front war. c. Put off the invasion of Britain. d. Enter into a nonaggression pact with Britain.
c
The National Socialist party of Adolf Hitler achieved what percentage of the popular vote in the November 1932 elections just prior to his being appointed Chancellor of Germany? a. 5% b. 15% c. 33% d. 51% e. 75%
c
The Nuremberg trials were a. attacks on Jews in Germany b. Communist purges c. punishment for Nazi war crimes d. the preliminaries to founding the United Nations e. the fIrst testing of intercontinental missiles
c
The Weimar Republic (1919-1933), despite a valiant attempt to introduce democracy to Germany, failed to gain support of the German people mainly because a. the Nazis maintained a wide following throughout the 1920s and 1930s b. Yon Hindenburg's presidency was marred by his personal corruption c. monarchists, supporters of the abdicated kaiser, and militarists, humiliated by defeat in World War I, opposed it from the start d. the government was unable to stabilize the economy or maintain law and order e. a conspiracy of Jewish-capitalist-Communist bankers weakened the government
c
The figure lying between Hitler and Stalin in the 1939 cartoon shown above represents a. Czechoslovakia b. Austria c. Poland d. Spain e. Sweden
c
The first socialist government achieved office in Britain in a. 1895 b. 1914 c. 1923 d. 1945 e. 1962
c
The goal of French foreign policy in the interwar years was a. a prevention of the Japanese takeover of French Indochina b. a return to isolation c. the containment of potential German and Russian expansion d. to check aggression by Fascist Italy e. to aid the republican government against Franco's Spanish Fascists
c
The movement of peoples for the period from 1939 to 1950 was due most likely to a. voluntary immigration b. forced deportation by the Nazis c. deportation and resettlement because of war and its aftermath d. policies of the United Nations e. Stalinist policies
c
The political and social values of the Vichy government in France during the Second World War are best described as a. Rational, socialistic, peaceful b. Radically fascistic, anti church, anti elitist c. Conservative-authoritarian, corporatist, Catholic d. Monarchist, nationalistic, anti military e. Republican, liberal, expansionist
c
The strategy of "island hopping" in the Pacific, which was developed by a joint US Army-Navy command, involved Allied attacks on what? a. All Japanese-held islands. b. All islands within 500 miles of Japan. c. Only islands that were not well defended and offered strategic advantages. d. Only islands that were Japanese strongholds with fresh water supplies.
c
The term "blitzkrieg" was a military strategy that depended on what? a. A system of fortifications. b. Out-waiting the opponent. c. Surprise and quick, overwhelming force. d. The ability to make a long, steady advance
c
The tide of war turned from Axis conquests to Allied victories in all EXCEPT a. the Battles of Midway and Guadalcanal in the Pacific b. the Battle for Stalingrad in Soviet Russia c. the evacuation at Dunkirk in Europe d. the Battle of EI Alamein in Egypt e. Operation Torch in North Africa
c
The title of Hitler's book, Mein Kampf, in English means what? a. "Well-Being." b. "My Country." c. "My Struggle." d. "Master Race."
c
What are the German troops in North Africa who became legendary for their ability to fight in hostile desert settings? a. Luftwaffe Afrikaner b. Wehrmacht Afrikaner c. Afrika Korps d. Afrika Staffel
c
What is the codename for the Allied invasion of North Africa, where American troops got their first takes of action against German / Axis forces? a. "Operation Overload" b. "Operation Cobra" c. "Operation Torch" d. "Operation Camel"
c
What legal means did the US government / President Roosevelt use to issue the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II? a. Signed a bill b. Passed a law c. Issued an executive order d. Proclaimed a national holiday
c
What was the Lend-Lease Act? a. A statement of war aims compiled by Roosevelt and Churchill b. A nonaggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union c. A policy allowing the president to provide arms to certain foreign countries d. An order to shoot German U-boats on sight
c
What was the meaning of the Japanese term "kamikaze"? a. "divine wave" b. "holy wind" c. "divine wind" d. "holy war"
c
Which country invaded Rhineland in 1936, touching of a series of events that would eventually lead to the start of World War II? a. Italy b. Japan c. Germany d. the Soviet Union
c
Which list of events is in the correct chronological order? a. the Anschluss, Munich Agreement, invasion of Poland, remilitarization of the Rhineland b. Munich Agreement, the Anschluss, invasion of Poland, remilitarization of the Rhineland c. remilitarization of the Rhineland, the Anschluss, Munich Agreement, invasion of Poland d. invasion of Poland, Munich Agreement, the Anschluss, remilitarization of the Rhineland e. the Anschluss, remilitarization of the Rhineland, Munich agreement, invasion of Poland
c
Which of the following had the LEAST effect on European thought in the first half of the twentieth century? a. The uncertain and complex universe of Einstein's and Heisenberg's physics b. The undermining of the optimistic belief in human rationality by Freudian psychology c. The utopian literature of Sir Thomas More and Roger Bacon d. Logical empiricism's limitation of the scope of philosophical inquiry to the scientifically and mathematically verifiable e. The Darwinist idea of human behavior as determined by evolutionary forces
c
Who takes credit for and created the plan for the attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor? a. Hideki Tojo b. Emperor Hirohito c. Isoroku Yamamoto d. Ichiro Suzuki
c
All of the following were leaders of totalitarian governments in the 1930's and 1940's except: a. Joseph Stalin b. Francisco Franco. c. Benito Mussolini d. Neville Chamberlain.
d
Britain failed to recover economically after the First World War for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a.its merchant fleet had been decimated by German U-boats b. its Commonwealth trading partners had industrialized considerably during the war c. other maritime nations had entered the competition for overseas shipping d. German wartime bombing had devastated its cities e. its Allies defaulted on war loans
d
Historically, which of the following factors has proved LEAST necessary for making a successful revolution? a. support of the military forces b. well-organized revolutionary leaders c. grievances providing motivation to revolt d. active participation of the majority of citizens e. ineptness of the government in power
d
Hitler's Nazi program for Germany, as explained in his rambling autobiography Mein Kampf, included all of the following EXCEPT a. Germany was defeated in World War I not on the battlefield but rather by traitors and revolutionaries b. Germany was in the process of being destroyed from within by Jews, Communists, and democrats c. the Germans were a master race destined to rule Europe d. Germany must acquire lebensraum (living space) in Western Europe e. "inferior races" must be enslaved or exterminated
d
Hitler's main method for achieving "lebensraum" or "living space" for the German people was to do what? a. Demand dictatorial power. b. Attack Jews. c. Form a secret police force. d. Conquer other countries.
d
Il Duce was the title of which of the following totalitarian leaders of World War II Europe? a. Josef Stalin b. Adolf Hitler c. Haile Selassie d. Benito Mussolini
d
In 1925, Germany's democratic Weimar government signed the Locarno Pacts which a. set a ten-year moratorium on naval construction b. guaranteed the territorial integrity of the Chinese Republic c. outlawed war d. recognized the French-Belgium-German boundaries set at Versailles e. allied Germany with Fascist Italy
d
Known as the "Spartan General", this general commanded the British forces in North Africa during World War II? a. Eisenhower b. Bradley c. Patton d. Montgomery
d
Refer to the map above to determine what year it represents: a. before 1939 b. 1939 c. 1940 d. 1942 e. 1944
d
Stalin supported the rapid industrialization of Russia in the 1920s and early 1930s by a. purging the Soviet Communist party of "deviationists" b. obtaining loans from the West c. slaughtering the kulaks d. collectivizing agriculture to support. the First Five-Year Plan e. seeking international recognition of the Soviet Union
d
Hitler used which of the following as an excuse for seizing dictatorial power in Germany in 1933? a. the Reichstag fire b. the murder of Ernst Roehm c. the Nuremberg rally d. the threat of a royalist coup e. threatened invasion by France
a
"The nation had been tottering on the verge of military insurrection since it became a republic in 1931, because the Republicans included not only moderate middle-class liberals but a wide array of socialists . . . . A revolt by the army led to civil war, in which each side received aid from outside nations, which served to transform the local conflict into an international ideological war." The nation described above was a. Spain b. Italy c. Poland d. Yugoslavia e. Algeria
a
A major issue of contention between the Western Allies-Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union-before 1944 was a. the opening of a second front in Europe b. whether or not to demand the unconditional surrender of the Axis c. the fate of democracy in Eastern Europe after the war d. promised U.S. military aid to Communist Russia e. British occupation of Iran, which bordered the U.S.S.R.
a
All of the following are policies to which totalitarian states have traditionally adhered EXCEPT a. Encouragement of multiparty political systems b. Promotion of social welfare measures c. Expansion of the military d. Economic planning e. Holding of periodic elections
a
American foreign policy regarding Europe in the 1930s was primarily directed toward a. maintaining U.S. neutrality b. containing the spread of Soviet Communism c. blocking Fascist aggression d. guaranteeing the safety of the democracies that had emerged after World War I e. supporting the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War
a
Built following the destructive conclusion to the First World War and supported by a massive propaganda campaign, what was the intended purpose of the Maginot Line? a. To protect France from German invasion b. To protect Germany from Austrian invasion c. To protect France from Italian invasion d. To protect Britain from German invasion
a
The major objective of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) was to a. End the use of war for solving international controversies b. End the Russo-Polish border conflict c. End tensions between France and Great Britain over the export of French farm surpluses to Great Britain d. End the French occupation of the Ruhr e. Replace the Dawes and Young plans
a
The most notable social effect of the 1923 inflation in Germany was the a. Depletion of the savings and income of the middle class b. Encouragement of population shifts from cities to the countryside c. Strengthening of the position of women in the work force d. Acceleration of a trend toward the establishment of cooperative pension plans e. Reduction of social tensions
a
The most serious flaw in the constitution of the Weimar Republic was A Presidential power to rule by decree in emergencies b. the creation of a two party system c. it was too closely based on the American model d. there was no way to amend it e. it ignored civil rights
a
The origin of the word "fascism" lies in the a. Roman republic b. German imperial system c. Napoleonic France d. Spain under Philip II e. Byzantium
a
This painter, working in the early years of the twentieth century, was a. rebelling against conventional cultural norms b. incapable of accurate draftsmanship c. painting an altarpiece for a cathedral d. rebelling against surrealism e. copying the Baroque style
a
Trotsky and Stalin's interpretations of Marxism differed most significantly in which way? a. Trotsky wanted to foster world revolution while Stalin wanted "to build Socialism in one country." b. Stalin wanted to foster revolution in Western Europe while Trotsky wanted to develop the Soviet Union first. c. Stalin was a Bolshevik; Trotsky was a Menshevik. d. Trotsky was deviationist; Stalin followed the party line. e. Stalin believed that Russia was too backward to support Communism; Trotsky believed the opposite
a
What is the Allies' codename for the invasion of Nazi-occupied France? a. "Operation Overlord" b. "Operation Torch" c. "Operation of Barbarossa" d. "Operation Cobra"
a
What phrase was used by the Supreme Court to justify internment of Japanese-Americans following the attack on Pearl Harbor? a. "Military necessity" b. "Military security" c. "National defense" d. "Guaranteed security"
a
Which nations came to be known as the Axis powers after they signed a mutual defense treaty in 1940? a. Germany, Japan, and Italy b. Germany, Japan, and Spain c. Germany, Italy, and Austria d. Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union
a
Which of the following best characterizes European art and literature in the 1920's? a. Questioning of accepted values and practices b. A rejection of atheism and socialism c. A reaffirmation of human beauty and goodness d. A resurrection of Victorian sensibilities and styles e. Adherence to classical rules of composition
a
Which of the following best describes the Nazi party's ideal role for "Aryan" women in Germany? a. They were to be mothers, wives, and homemakers b. They were to serve in equal numbers with men in state and party bureaucracies at all levels c. They were to enjoy economic power equal to that of men d. They were to have no political or legal rights e. They would be a reserve military force, available for frontline duty when there
a
Which of the following developments occurred in Europe in the 1920's? a. Devastating inflation in Germany b. High prices paid to farmers for agricultural commodities c. Repudiation of the Locarno treaties d. The widespread formation of Popular Front governments e. Nearly full employment in Great Britain
a
Which of the following features did Nazi society stress to its citizens? a. Nationalism b. Isolationism c. Individual rights d. A classless society
a
Which of the following is true of the Allied D-Day invasion of "Fortress Europe" on June 6, 1944? a. It was the largest seaborne invasion in human history. b. It inflicted 50 percent of the casualties the German Army suffered during the war. c. It landed at the "soft underbelly" of Europe. d. After the landing the Germans were unable to launch another major offensive during the course of the war. e. It was a joint operation of American, British, and Russian forces
a
Which of the following occurred at the Munich Conference in September 1938? a. Britain and France approved the surrender of the Sudetenland to Hitler b. The Soviet Union left the conference after seeing the terms of the agreement c. The Italians refused to support Hitler d. Hitler was given all Czechoslovakia e. Winston Churchill got all parties to agree to a reasonable compromise
a
Which of the following provisions affecting Germany in the Versailles Treaty was LEAST important in fostering antagonisms that led to the Second World War? a. The loss of Germany's Pacific island possessions b. The creation of the Polish Corridor and the establishment of Danzig as a self-governing city within the Polish tariff area c. The payment by Germany of reparations for war damages d. The limitation of the German army to 100,000 members e. The assignment of sole responsibility for planning and instigating the war to Germany
a
Which of the following technologies for the British helped to give them an advantage in the fighting of the Battle of Britain? a. Radar. b. Enigma code. c. British morale. d. More aircraft.
a
Which of the following was a central part of National Socialist ideology? a. Anticommunism b. Conservatism c. Protestantism d. Utilitarianism e. Syndicalism
a
Which of the following was a false promise from Hitler not to take any more land in Europe? a. The Munich Pact b. The Atlantic Charter c. The Lend-Lease Act d. The Treaty of Versailles
a
Who created the theories that lead to the atomic bomb and the creation of the US Manhattan Project? a. Albert Einstein b. Enrico Fermi c. J. Robert Oppenheimer d. Warner von Braun
a
"Stab in the back" is a phrase the Nazis employed to explain a. how Jewish bankers caused hyper-inflation b. why Germany lost the First World War c. the failure of the German electorate to give a majority to Hitler d. the infiltration of communists into the Nazi party e. the refusal of England to make an alliance with Germany
b
Communism and fascism are alike in all of the following ways EXCEPT a. the cult of a leader b. advocate abolition of personal property c. massive use of propaganda d. pervasive presence of secret police e. no respect for human rights
b
Following the Battle of Bataan and the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, who went on the Bataan Death March, and why? a. Japanese soldiers, because they refused to surrender b. Allied prisoners of war, because the Japanese forced them to c. Allied soldiers, because it was essential to the success of the "island-hopping" strategy d. Chinese civilians, because they were forced off their land by the Japanese invasion
b
In following a policy of appeasement, Britain and France were taking what controversial action(s)? a. Declaring war on Germany. b. Giving in to Hitler's demands. c. Entering into a formal defense alliance. d. Pressuring the United States to enter the war.
b
Knowing that the Nazis were expecting an invasion of Europe at some point, what region of France was chosen for the D-Day invasion? a. Calais b. Normandy c. Belgium d. Caucasus
b
The shaded area of the map on the following page shows a. the belligerent nations at the start of World War II in Europe b. the furthest extent of Axis conquest in Europe and America c. the Nazi Empire d. the gains of the Red Army at the end of World War II e. the Axis-occupied territory right before the D-Day Normandy invasion
b
What was the name given by Hitler to his supposed "master race"? a. Uebermenschen b. Aryans c. Untermenschen d. Einsatzgruppen
b
Which country invaded China in 1938 as part of a mass campaign of territorial expansion? a. Italy b. Japan c. Germany d. The Soviet Union
b
Which of the following matches a nation with that it invaded in the 1930s—before World War II was declared? a. Italy—Czechoslovakia b. Italy -Ethiopia c. Soviet Union -Ireland d. Japan--the United States
b
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects Roosevelt's feelings toward the events in Europe prior to 1941? a. Agreed with the isolationists and promoted an isolationist policy. b. Wanted to help the Allies, but had to appease U.S. citizens who opposed the war. c. Wanted to avoid the war because he did not see it as a threat to the United States. d. He did not understand the position of isolationists and was eager to join the war
b
-Repression of individual liberties -Control of the media -Appeal to nationalism -Glorification of the leader The political philosophy incorporating the characteristics above is a. Socialism b. Anarchism c. Fascism d. Democracy e. Marxian communism
c
After the United States entered World War II President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill agreed that the first priority of the Allies must be to a. defeat Japan b. defeat Russia c. defeat Germany d. have the United States defeat Japan while England defeated Germany e. have England defeat Japan while the United States defeated Germany
c
Despite its totalitarian suppression of political freedom and human rights, fascism appealed to many Italians for all these reasons EXCEPT a. the improvement of municipal government under centralized control b. the electrification of rural Italy c. overseas colonization d. the Lateran Pact with the Pope, 1929 e. the suppression of the Mafia in Southern Italy
c
European thought in the early 20th century was LEAST influenced by which of the following? a. The concept of existentialism proffered by Nietzsche b. The Darwinist concept of evolution c. The Enlightenment works of Voltaire and Montesquieu d. Wittgenstein's ideas of logical positivism e. The uncertainty principle of Heisenberg
c
Fascism and Marxism are both fundamentally responses to a. oppression by monarchs b. oppression by aristocracies c. Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts d. frigid climate e. proximity to France
c
Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor and Foreign Minister in Germany during the 1920s a. laid the foundation for Nazi rule b. refused to pay any reparations c. worked hard to reintegrate Germany into the European diplomatic system d. resisted the French reoccupation of the Ruhr e. plotted to overthrow the constitution and establish a communist dictatorship
c
Hitler delayed the invasion of Russia in the spring of 1941 because a. did not have sufficient troops b. was afraid of a revolt in France c. had to send assistance to Mussolini in Greece d. feared a British invasion of Normandy e. was afraid to provoke the United States into war
c
In January of 1933, Adolf Hitler assumed the post of Reich Chancellor a. by means of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch b. by seizing control of the government c. after his party received a plurality of votes in the democratic elections d. after he overthrew the Weimar Republic e. by staging a coup against Paul Hindenburg, president of the republic
c
Nazi Germany carried out the mass execution of Jews throughout occupied Europe a. as soon as they gained power in 1933 b. with public executions in the streets during "Kristallnacht" c. after the invasion of Russia in 1942 d. no mass executions were in fact carried out e. mass executions occurred only in Germany
c
Policies adopted by the major European states between 1929 and 1936 to deal with the economic depression included which of the following? I Protective tariffs and bilateral international trade agreements II Deflationary fiscal and monetary policies III Cooperative international efforts to redevelop old industries a. I only b. III only c. I and II only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III
c
Probably one of the most respected German generals of the European conflict, what was Erwin Rommel's nickname? a. "desert camel" b. "desert shadow" c. "desert fox" d. "desert gecko"
c
The Axis powers' alliance worried Franklin D. Roosevelt because he saw that the United States, if drawn into the war, would have to: a. Join the Allies. b. Fight on U.S. soil. c. Fight on two oceans. d. Take in millions of refugees
c
The French and British policy of appeasing Mussolini and Hitler can be partly explained by a. France and Britain's eagerness to cooperate with the Soviet Union b. France and Britain's confidence in the League of Nations c. France and Britain's desire to maintain foreign policies independent of the United States d. The belief that the terms of the Versailles treaty were unjust e. A general loss of faith in the effectiveness of diplomacy
d
The Munich Conference was held to address the problem of a German threat to which nation? a. Poland. b. Hungary. c. Austria. d. Czechoslovakia.
d
The Nazi party advocated all of the following EXCEPT a. positive aspects of war b. racial superiority of "Aryans" c. discipline and order d. Christian ethics e. totalitarian state
d
The Weimar Republic was the post-World War I government of what European country? a. France. b. Russia. c. Poland. d. Germany.
d
The aim of the Soviet Union's First Five Year Plan was to a. Acquire foreign capital b. Produce an abundance of consumer goods c. Encourage agricultural production by subsidizing the kulaks d. Build up heavy industry e. Put industrial policy in the hands of the proletariat
d
The illustration above from a 1940 German magazine suggests that women should a. Bear as many children as possible b. Not be discouraged by shortages of food and consumer goods c. Not work outside the house d. Support the war effort by doing their sons' and husbands' jobs e. Enlist in the army to help the war effort
d
The illustration above from a Second World War era Soviet poster of a women spinning a wheel suggests that women should a. work inside of the home b. save grain and not be wasteful c. join the army for their family and for Mother Russia d. contribute to the war effort by taking on traditionally male jobs e. keep the farms in good shape for when their husbands return home
d
The purges carried out in the Soviet Union during the 1930's resulted in a. The protection of ideological diversity within the Communist party b. Improvements in military preparedness c. A decrease in the size of the bureaucracy d. Elimination of the old Bolshevik elite e. An enhanced Soviet image abroad
d
Totalitarianism includes all of the following characteristics EXCEPT a. the state has the right to control the lives of its citizens from cradle to grave b. total control by the state is essential to society c. the state has an existence apart from the individuals who comprise it d. every citizen owes the state absolute obedience unless the government violates individual rights e. war brings glory and the state must arm for it while the citizen must train for it
d
What technological development (originally discarded by the Western powers, but utilized by the Japanese) helped make the attack on Pearl Harbor possible? a. Attack submarines b. Heavy bombers c. Accurate radar d. Aircraft carriers
d
What town was American troops (like the 101st Airborne Brigade) defending during the Battle of the Bulge, at one point completely cut off from the rest of the Allied army? a. Paris b. Antwerp c. Calais d. Bastogne
d
Which of the following characterized Mussolini's ideal of the fascist corporate state? I Organization of the population into syndicates of employers, employees, and government arbitrators II Establishment of semiautonomous regional governments III Abolition of strikes, lockouts, and the older trade unions a. I only b. II only c. I and II only d. I and III only e. I, II, and III
d
Which of the following methods did the German Schutzstaffel (SS) employ to deal with those considered "undesirables" in Nazi Germany or Nazi-controlled areas? a. Death camps b. Deportation c. Concentration camps d. All of the above
d
Which of the following was a major factor in German military victories in 1939-1940? a. Overwhelming German technological and numerical superiority to the French and the English b. French resistance on continuing to fight, regardless of the cost c. Britain's campaign in Norway, which diverted British troops from Western Europe d. The German army's effective use of armor and air power in the Blitzkrieg e. The German defeat of the Russian army at Tannenberg in August 1939
d
Which of the following was the leader of Japan's dictatorial government during the 1930's and 1940's? a. Adolph Hitler b. Francisco Franco c. Benito Mussolini d. Hideki Tojo
d
Who was General Charles de Gaulle? a. The French general who negotiated France's terms of surrender b. The prime minister of France before World War II c. The prime minister of the puppet government in southern France during World War II d. The leader of the French government-in-exile and the French during World War II
d
Who was the supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, much to annoyance of our British allies? a. George Patton b. Erwin Rommel c. Bernard Montgomery d. Dwight D. Eisenhower
d
The term "collective security" would most likely be discussed in which of the following studies? a. A book on the twentieth century welfare state b. A monograph on Soviet agricultural policy during the 1920's c. A book on Bismarckian imperialism d. A treatise on Social Darwinism e. A work on European diplomacy during the 1930's
e
"One opinion pervaded, that they are on the eve of some great revolution in the government; that everything points to it; the confusion in the finances is great; a court buried in pleasure and dissipation; a great ferment amongst all ranks of men, who are eager for some change." The above passage might apply to all of the following EXCEPT a. England in 1640 b. France in 1789 c. The Two Sicilies in 1860 d. Russia in 1917 e. Germany in 1933
e
All of the following countries had universal suffrage in 1930 EXCEPT a. Finland b. Great Britain c. The Soviet Union d. Germany e. France
e
All of the following factors contributed to the rise of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis) EXCEPT a. The weakness of the Weimar Republic b. Dissatisfaction with the Versailles Treaty c. The impact of the Great Depression d. The support of German conservatives e. The support of Socialist trade unions
e
All of the following were causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s EXCEPT a. fall in world wheat prices b. currency speculation c. high tariffs d. unregulated stock speculation e. absorption of Austria by Germany
e
All of the following were factors in the Holocaust EXCEPT the a. Ability of the Nazis to secure collaborators in occupied territories b. Long tradition of anti-Semitism in Germany and other areas of Europe c. Ability of a totalitarian regime to mold ideas and suppress dissent d. Vulnerability of the German Jews, who made up less than one percent of the German population e. Near exclusive focus of Nazi genocidal policies on Jews of Germany
e
All of the following were factors in the rise of fascism in Italy EXCEPT a. economic weakness b. political deadlock in parliament c. weak leadership from the king d. fear of a communist revolution e. sustained electoral success
e
Communism and fascism share many similar characteristics. These include all of the following EXCEPT a. relied on the leadership of charismatic figures b. de-emphasized the importance of the individual c. encouraged loyalty to the state d. responded to the inequalities of unrestrained capitalism e. rejected nationalism as a basis for society
e
During World War II, most of the damage to cities in Western Germany was caused by a. siege cannons of the Russian army b. search-and-destroy tactics of the Americans c. the scorched-earth policy of the retreating Nazis d. sabotage by anti-Nazi Germans e. saturation bombing by American and British air forces
e
French leaders decided to occupy Germany's Ruhr Valley in January 1923 in order to a. Balance Soviet influence in Germany b. Incorporate German territory permanently into France c. Halt the rise of the Nazi party among workers in the region d. Use the region's industrial production to accelerate France's rearmament e. Seize goods as payment for Germany's reparations debt
e
In the 1930's one of the effects of the Great Depression in Europe was a. A reconciliation between communists and fascists in France b. A strengthening of efforts to facilitate international trade c. A rise in the production of consumer goods d. The increased effectiveness of the League of Nations in international relations e. The broadening of popular support for the Nazi party in Germany
e
Mussolini's first important achievement after being appointed Prime Minister was a. confiscation of the Vatican City state b. conquest of North Africa c. reestablishment of democratic elections d. abolition of the monarchy e. repression of all the opposition parties
e
Stalin "liquidated" all of the following groups EXCEPT a. kulaks b. Ukrainians c. the military high command d. original Bolsheviks e. the secret police
e
The Atlantic Charter-issued by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill in 1941 and drawn from the principles of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points-formed the basis for the Allied war aims and pledged all EXCEPT a. the restoration of governments conquered by Germany and Italy b. free trade and fair access to resources c. freedom from tyranny and want d. freedom of thought and religion e. a U.N. organization to ensure peace after the war
e
The Nazi party sent all of the following to concentration camps EXCEPT a. gypsies b. homosexuals c. Jews d. Roman Catholic priests e. fascists
e
The United States and Britain came out of the depression largely because of a. social welfare programs of the American New Deal and the British National party b. high tariff barriers to foreign competition c. currency manipulation d. raised taxes and lowered spending e. rearmament for the coming war
e
The collapse of France in the spring of 1940 in the face of a German invasion can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT a. old and incompetent military leadership b. failure of Belgium to build an addition to the Maginot Line c. technical superiority of German weapons d. lack of loyalty to the ideals of the Third Republic e. failure of the British to send any assistance
e
The man on the left, pictured here with Hitler, was which of the following world leaders who said that he had "preserved peace?" a. Edouard Daladier b. Winston Churchill c. William Gladstone d. Benito Mussolini e. Neville Chamberlain
e
The most celebrated "revisionist" interpretation of World War II places the blame for its origins on a. the United States b. the USSR c. Italy d. Poland e. Britain and France
e
The peace settlements at the end of World War I helped cause World War II for all the following reasons EXCEPT a. the newly established independent states of Eastern Europe left a power vacuum in the region b. the establishment of Communism in Russia led to eventual conflict between Germany and the U.S.S.R. c. reparations and the war guilt clause provided grounds for Hitler's propaganda d. Italy's and Japan's resentments of the settlements created international instability e. the collapse of the Ottoman Empire created a belligerent and aggressive independent Turkey
e
The period of relative military inaction in Europe between the fall of Poland and the fall of France is called a. the Russo-Finnish War b. the Vichy period c. the Battle of Britain d. the Blitzkrieg e. the Sitzkrieg
e
The social group worst hit by the hyperinflation in Germany in 1923 was a. farmers b. middle class c. aristocracy d. factory workers e. industrialists
e
The term "collective security" would most likely be discussed in which of the following studies? a. A book on the twentieth-century welfare state b. A monograph on Soviet agricultural policy during the 1920's c. A book on Bismarckian imperialism d. A treatise on Social Darwinism e. A work on European diplomacy during the 1930'
e
Which of the following areas was conceded to Hitler at the Munich Conference of 1938? a. The Polish Corridor b. The Rhineland c. The Saar d. Silesia e. Sudetenland
e
Which of the following does NOT apply to fascism? a. anti-democratic b. ant-Marxist c. anti-parliamentary d. racist e. collective leadership
e
Which of the following resulted from the close relationship between science and government in industrialized nations during the Second World War? a. The pace of discovery and invention noticeably slowed b. Specialization decreased c. Much scientific research became financially dependant on military funding d. Fewer students were interested in scientific training e. The benefits of scientific advances were no longer questioned
e
Which of the following was NOT a cause of the Great Depression in the 1930s? a. bank failures b. reparation payments c. grain prices d. securities speculation e. rise of Hitler
e
