CMST 2061 Midterm (LSU)

post hoc ergo propter hoc

"after this, therefore bc of this"; establish cause&effect relationship where only correlation exists

what happens in the body phase of an interview?

"asking questions" main part of the interview

what happens in the opening phase of an interview?

"breaking the ice" considered to be mood/tone of info interview - where interviewer and interviewee are responsible for establishing interview climate

constructivist model

"common ground" when describing communication

type of leadership: laissez-faire

"live and let live" leader -focus efforts on providing professors with tools they need to make positive impact

how do you conduct a meeting

- arrive on time/stay until meeting adjourns - leave meeting only established breaks/emergencies - be prepared and have everything you need on hand - turn phone off - follow established protocol for turn taking - respect time limits - demonstrate professionalism in verbal/nonverbal interactions - communicate interest and stay engaged in discussion - avoid tangents and side discussions - respect space and don't place notebook/papers all around you - clean up after yourself - engage in polite conversation after conclusion

what are considerations for meetings with technology

- aware of dimensions of nonverbal communication - voice-only meeting: leaving voice mails - audio/visual: practice technology before actual interaction - social media: *not everything is as it appears *words and images remain online forever *consider what you post *be aware that interest providers are required by law to archive info concerning use and traffic of info

how do you prepare for a meeting

- clear purpose can be articulated, decide how/where to meet. - figure out if meeting will be virtual or not. - create an agenda or list of topics can be discussed. - plan intense work session, consider # of possible interactions - inviting everyone via email reminding them of the meeting - confirm reservation a week before meeting and again the day before meeting

how can you save time?

- consider info already have close at hand - conduct a search in subject area to get overview of subject

how do you stay organized?

- have a designated space where you can keep all materials in 1 place. - decide on a name project and use it to set up a subdirectory on computer - plan to use time effectively

How do communication skills help you solve problems, learn new things, and build your career?

- learn new things: you can receive suggestions for improvements on what you need to work on. - help solve problems: it can tell you when you wrong and right - can build your career: leaves good impression for people to hire you

what are ways to facilitate active listening/reading

- maintain eye contact with the speaker; keep eyes on the page (if reading) - don't interrupt; don't multitask (if reading) - focus attention on message, not internal monologue - restate message in own words and ask if understood correctly - ask clarifying questions 2 communicate interest and gain insight

what are strategies that help increase meeting effectiveness?

- send out minutes of last meeting's one week before next meeting - send out reminders for the meeting the day before and day of the meeting - schedule the meeting in Outlook or similar program so everyone receives a reminder - start and end your meetings on time

what are the 4 myths of speaking in public?

- you don't have to be perfect -speaking in public is not like killing lions - organization is key to success - speaking in public is like participating in a conversation

what is the best way to search on the internet and how do you evaluate sources?

-a clearly articulated purpose and goal -question, problem, or issue to address - info, data, and evidence that is clearly relevant to stated purpose and goals

what are the 5 speech/presentation planning strategies and how do you use these to identify a topic?

-determine general purpose -can i cover the topic in time -will my topic be interesting to my audience -putting it all together

How can we avoid groupthink?

-select team members wisely -select responsible leader -promote cooperation -clarify goals -elicit commitment -clarify responsibilities -install prompt action -apply technology -ensure technological compatibility -provide prompt feedback

explain ways to manage conflict: empathy

1 strategy to consider when attempting to resolve issues

what type of business presentation should we prepare ahead of time and why do we prepare and organize?

1-on-1 meeting; to get familiar with the topic

5 principles for using emotions successfully:

1. emotions are universal 2. emotional feelings and emotional expression are not the same 3. emotions are communicated verbally and nonverbally 4. emotional expression can be good & bad 5. emotions are contagious

17 ways to organize a presentation

1. time (chronological) 2. comparison 3. contrast 4. cause and effect 5. problem and solution 6. classification (categorical) 7. biological 8. space (spatial) 9. ascending and descending 10. psychological 11. elimination 12. ceremonial 13. awards 14. toast 15. speaker introductions 16. after-dinner speech 17. oral interpretation

multiple questions

2 or more questions asked at the same time EX: "How did you like your trip to Hollywood? What was the most interesting part? Did you meet any movie stars, or walk around the movie lot and get mistaken for a star?"

analogy

2 situations, things, or ideas are alike in observable ways & will tend to be alike in other ways

group

3 or more individuals who affiliate, interact, or cooperate in a familial, social, or work context

dos/donts for visual aids

DO make clear connection btw words and visual aid 4 audience NOT distract audience w/ visual aid DO speak 2 your audience

replacing

Replacing verbal communication

principle

accepted or proper truth

develop tolerance of alternate perspectives

acknowledge the other viewpoint

what is persuasion

act/process of presenting arguments to move, motivate, or change your audience

Selection

action of sorting competing messages or choosing stimuli

transactional model

actions that happen at the same time

when is elevator speech used in business setting

actively looking for new job or simply interested in meeting new people. - use this during professional events to build their network

self-adaptors

adapting something about yourself in a way for which it is not designed or for no apparent purpose

diff. types of expressions

adaptors affect displays complementing contradicting emblems masking object-adaptors regulators repeating replacing self-adaptors

body

address key points

what are the goals of call to action

adoption discontinuance deterrence continuance

illegal interview questions & what subjects should not be included in questions?

age: How old are you? Are you a baby boomer? race/nationality: You're Hispanic, right? pregnancy: Are you planning to have a family in the next five years? Disabilities: any disabilities we should know about? family & marital status: do you have any kids? how many? household situation: do you have any grandparents living with you? spouse's occupation: what does your husband/wife do for a living? religion/church attendance: do you attend church regularly? arrest record: have you ever committed a crime?

signposts

alerts audience that you are moving from one topic to the next

employment interviews

an exchange btw candidate and prospective employer (or their representative)

Fallacies

another way of saying false logic

old business

any unresolved issues from last time/issues left until this meeting

what are the 3 main factors to consider when choosing a topic and how are they helpful?

appeal appropriateness ability

ad populum

appeals to common belief of some people

ad hominem

argument against the man instead of against his message - someone's argument is wrong bc something about the person rather than about argument itself

open-ended questions

asked frequently throughout interview, but intersperse them with with closed-ended questions EX: "Can you describe how you handle tight deadlines on the job?"

interpersonal relationships connection to predictive outcome value theory

asserts that not only do we want to reduce uncertainty, also want to maximize our possible benefit from association

environment

atmosphere where you can send and receive messages

secondary questions

attempt to elicit more fully information asked for in primary/secondary question; may be open/closed question EX: "How are you defining "excellent"?"

what are the parts of an elevator speech

attention statement intro body conclusion residual message

5 finger model of public speaking

attention statement introduction body conclusion residual message

what are the 5 presentation components?

attention statement introduction body conclusion residual message

reference

attention to the source and way you present your information

what factors relate to self-concept?

attitudes beliefs and values self-image self-esteem looking-glass self self-fulfilling prophecy

appeal

attractive power of arousing sympathetic, stimulated response from the audience

Maslow's interpersonal needs

basic foods safety love and belonging self-esteem self-actualization innate need to know value aesthetics

physiological needs

basic needs

explain how communication is a process:

bc it can change your perspective & make you use your words more carefully EX: ppl say negative things about LGBTQ community. - when speaking to someone from that community, their perception changes and they don't say things that they would normally say.

how can context influence communication

bc it can give ppl a clue on how to perceive the interaction

why is context important in communication?

bc its all about what ppl expect from one another

what can you do as an interviewer to make the interview process run more smoothly?

be prepared flexible create communication climate balance note-taking with maintaining eye contact with interviewee

why is perception important

because audience has expectations of you as a speaker

Discuss why communication is important in Business

because it can foster a good relationship btw everyone in the business.

conciseness

being brief and direct in visual and verbal delivery of your message

what are your communicator responsibilities? consider what happens if a communicator is not responsible at work

being prepared which includes being clear, concise, and punctual. When a communicator is not responsible at work, they aren't being a modest employee.

4 criteria for visual aids

big: legible for everyone clear: audience should get it 1st time they see it simple: serve to simplify concepts they illustrate consistent: should reinforce continuity by using visual style

positive and negative member role: blocker

blocks attempts at consensus consistently

interference

blocks/changes the meaning of the message

leadership

born with combination of talents and traits that enable a person to lead others

closing

both parties say goodbye

internal previews

brief statement referring to point you're going to make

internal summaries

briefly covers info or alluded to info introduced previously

positive and negative member roles: coordinator

brings ideas, info, and suggestions together

what happens in the closing phase of an interview?

brings it full circle issues: 1. often neglected 2. forecast in the opening stages: 1. conclusion preparation: final question 2. final summary: consolidation of entire interview 3. post-interview discussion: informal; not formal interview

positive and negative member roles: elaborator

builds on ideas and provides examples

discontinuance

call of action that focuses on persuading audience not to start something if they haven't already started

why is it important to know yourself and your audience?

can be confident within yourself and have more credibility

why is it important to speak ethically?

can build your ethos, credibility, as you present the information

why is self-concept important

can influence your performance and the expression of that essential ability which is communication

type of leadership: leader-as-conductor

central role of bringing ppl together for a common goal. *leads orchesta, integrates specialized skills and sounds

interview climate

central to conducting information interview

convince

change attitudes, beliefs, values, or judgements of your audience

explain ways to manage conflict: avoidance

change the subject, leave the room, or not even enter the room

change perceptions

changing people's opinion on the topic

demographic traits

characteristics that make someone an individual Ex: females may view world differently than a male

explain ways to manage conflict: defensiveness vs. supportiveness

choosing to focus on message instead of messenger, keep discussion supportive and professional

explain ways to manage conflict: managing your emotions

choosing to wait to communicate, problem-solve, or negotiate until after the moment has passed

begging the question

claiming truth of the very matter in question

explain ways to manage conflict: if you agree

clear communication and acceptance of responsibility demonstrates maturity and respect

type of leadership: leader-as-coach

combines many of the talents and skills, can serve as teacher and mentor *may look out for group and defund it against bad calls

introduction

communicate a point and common ground

residual message

communicate central theme, moral of story, or main point

context

communication interaction that involves setting, scene, and expectations of individuals involved

intrapersonal communication

communication with one's self and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization

what happens when we compile info and what are 7 steps?

composing speech out of materials from documents - sensitivity -exposure -assimilation and accommodation -incubation -incorporation -production -revision

teamwork

compound word, combining team and work

non sequitur

conclusion does not follow from the premises

peroration

conclusion of your argument

how can you narrow the topic and focuses on key points and why is this important?

consider what essential info is and what can be cut. - important bc can focus on key points naturally and reduce pressure on yourself to cover too much info in short amount of time.

schutz's interpersonal needs

considers aspects of our needs need for affection is basic to all humans under personals: ppl who seek limited interaction over personals: ppl who have strong need to be liked need for control belonging is basic interpersonal need

3 components of rhetorical situation

context audience purpose of your speech/presentation

contradicting

contradicting verbal communication

addition

contributions to previous post

regulators

control, encourage, or discourage interaction

what is the organizing principle

core assumptions around which everything else is arranged

authority

credible source indicates is probably true

feedback

critique that receiver sends back to source

how do we overcome obstacles of perception:

cultural value system: N. American culture places an emphasis on space role identities: how men and women act and behave in society goals: reflecting on what we value across cultures.

potential member

curiosity and interest

safety

defensible place that protects your basic needs

steps of group problem solving

define the problem analyze the problem establish criteria consider possible solutions to the problem decide on a solution implement the solution follow up on the solution

interpersonal relationships

defined as communication btw 2 ppl; to capture the essence of a relationship

self concept

defined as one's own sense of individuality, motivations, and personal characteristics

what are the 3 strategies you can use to learn about your audience better

demographic traits improving perceptions of your audience fairness in communication

what is social penetration and how does it help us link to the audience

describes how we move from superficial talk to and revealing talk link 2 audience: predict how they may behave, what they may value, or what they might feel in specific situations

how to become leaders: appointed leader

designated by authority; irrespective of thoughts/wishes of the group

purpose of your speech/presentation

designed to inform, demonstrate, persuade, motivate, or even entertain

model of group development

development of growth

formality level

differences in status between interview participants, can evolve and can change during interview process

explain ways to manage conflict: indicate you are listening

displaying listening behavior engenders a positive climate that helps mitigate challenges of negative news

red herring

diversion intended to distract attention from main issue

what things should you avoid?

do not: 1. use false evidence to support arguments /claims 2. intentionally use misleading reasoning 3. represent yourself as an "expert" on subject when you are not 4. use irrelevant appeals to divert attention from issue at hand 5. ask audience to link idea to emotion-laden goals to which it is actually not related 6. deceive audience by concealing real purpose 7. distort, hide, or misrepresent the number, scope, intensity, or undesirable features of consequences/effects 8. use emotional appeals that lack supporting basis of evidence/reasoning 9. oversimplify complex, graduation-laden situations into simplistic, 2-valued, or choices 10. pretend certainty where tentativeness and degrees of probability would be more accurate

positive and negative member roles: dominator

dominates discussion, not allowing others to take their turn

bodily/kinesthetic

drama, role playing, touching and manipulating objects, demonstrating

oral interpretation

draw attention to piece of literature explain its significance, context, and background interpret manuscript for audience conclude with key points from reading reiterate main point of piece of literature

comparison

draws distinction btw 2 ideas, concepts, or examples

contrast

draws distinction of difference, opposition or irregularity btw 2 ideas, concepts, or examples.

similarity

draws parallel btw 2 ideas, concepts, or examples

how do groups form/use teamwork

each member must fulfil their own obligations for the team to succeed

how to become leaders: democratic leader

elected/chosen by the group; may face serious challenges

pathos

emotion as a persuasive element in speech

why interpersonal communication is important in business

emphasis on relationship rather than size of audience and draws distinction btw impersonal and personal interactions

storming

engaging in more direct communication & get to know each other. (conflicts can arise)

norming

establish spoken/unspoken rules about communication and work. (status and roles established)

cause and effect

establishing relationship btw 2 events/situations, making connection clear

what is Aristotle's rhetorical proof and how is it helpful?

ethos pathos logos

positive and negative member roles: evaluator-critic

evaluates ideas & provides constructive criticism

biological

examining specific people as they relate to the central topic

6 rhetorical strategies

exordium narration proposition confirmation refutation peroration

participants

expected participants

emotional feelings and emotional expression are not the same

experiencing feelings by our body influences our nonverbal communication

explanation

explaining the difficult topic/issue to audience in ways that increase audience understanding.

affect displays

express emotions or feelings

emotional expression can be good and bad

expressing yourself, consider audience's point of view, be specific about your concerns, and emphasis that your relationship with your listeners is important

social penetration theory

fear that which we do not know

time

focuses on chronological aspects of your speech order

demonstration

focuses on clearly showing a process & telling the audience important details about each step so that they can imitate, repeat, or do the action themselves.

divergent member

focuses on differences

comparison

focuses on similarities and/or differences btw points/concepts

deterrence

focuses persuading audience not to start something if they haven't already started

what should we do post performance (employee interviews)

follow up with a thank-you notes/email, expressing appreciation for interviewer's time may indicate that you will call/email next week to see if they have any further questions for you

diff stages in model of group development:

forming storming norming performing adjourning

engagement

forming a connection with individual audience members

performing

fulfill their purpose and reach their goal

tone

general manner of expression of the message

7 argument strategies

generalization analogy sign cause authority principle testimony

receiver

gets message from source; analyzes & interprets message by source

share

giving the audience info that you gathered in relation to topic

why is measurable gain the goal for a presentation

goal: move the audience members toward your position. Some change may be measurable, and that is considered a gain.

how do we overcome obstacles of ethnocentrism?

goes beyond pride in your culture

orientation

groundwork for the body of the interview

interpersonal

group pictures, interaction, debates, discussions, cooperative learning, and sharing ideas

how to become leaders: emergent leader

grows into role, often out of necessity

roll call

has to be quiet to take place while introductions are made

5 stages of conversation as a ritual: talking point(s)

having specific goal, series of points to address, but can't lose sight of relationship messages within the discussion of content

adaptors

help feel comfortable/indicate emotions or moods

clarity

help receiver (audience) to decode message to understand it quickly

how do outlines help us organize a presentation and why are outlines helpful?

helps us organize main and subordinate ideas in a hierarchical series of roman numerals and alphabetical letters - left column: word center column: actual ideas right column: verbal and visual delivery

channel

how messages are traveling btw source & receiver.

self-esteem

how we feel about ourselves

What is perception?

how you see or believe things

what are the theories of learning styles?

idea that people learn better if the message is presented in a strategy that fits with the types of intelligence in which they are strongest

residual message

idea/thought that stays with your audience well after the speech

cause

if 2 conditions always appear together

examples

illustrates connection btw point & example or examples

cause & effect/result

illustrates relationship btw 2 ideas, concepts, or examples & may focus on outcome/result.

Loaded questions

imply both answer and some (-) belief, behavior, and provides strong demand for particular answer EX: "Are you still as boring as you were 10 yrs ago?"

concession

indicates knowledge of contrary information.

5 stages of conversation as a ritual: preview

indication, verbal, or nonverbal of what the conversation is about, in terms of content and in terms of relationship

how does perception differ from person to person

individual differences and preconceived notions

intrapersonal

individual projects, self-paced instruction, note-taking, reflection

self-disclosure

information, thoughts , or feelings we tell others about ourselves that they would not otherwise know

tag questions

inserted at end of answer; often weaken impact of answer Ex: "You agree with my assessment, right?"

emotions are contagious

interacting with others, emotions can be contagious

14 types of transitions

internal previews signposts internal summaries sequence transition time addition similarity comparison contrast cause & effect/result examples place clarification concession

interpretation & bias

interpretation: adapting info to communicate a message bias: unreasoned or not-well-thought-out judgement

relevance

interviewees must understand the relevance of questions asked Ex: "How well do you work under pressure?" - asked bc this is a fast-paced job.

define 5 types of context

intrapersonal interpersonal group public mass communication

introductions

introduce themselves with their name and respective roles

refutation

introduces to audience and then discounts or refutes the counterarguments/objections

introduction

introduces you and your topic; should establish relationship with your audience and state your topic clearly

proposition

introduces your claim being argued in speech

primary questions

introducing topics/new areas within a topic; can stand alone out of context and make sense Ex: "How did you first get interested in surfing?"

self-actualization

involve reaching your full potential, feeling accepted for who you are, and perceiving a degree of control or empowerment in your environment

ascending and descending

involves focusing on quality and quality

psychological

involves focusing on their inherent needs and wants

emotional resistance

involves getting tired, often to the point of rejection, of hearing messages that accept to elicit an emotional response

space (spatial)

involves parts of something and how they fit to form the whole

consensus

involves tendency of the individual to follow the lead of group/peers

ability

involves the natural aptitude of acquired proficiency to be able to perform.

liking

involves the perception of safety and belonging in communication

appropriateness

involves topic that is especially suitable/compatible with audience's interest, expectations, norms, or customs

why is it important to understand your audience

involves understanding others, and their perspectives, to see if they understand your words

principles of nonverbal communication

is fluid is fast can add to or replace verbal communication

why is it important to be an active listener/reader

it shows that you are fully attentive and present in the moment of interaction

why is interview climate important

it's interactions btw interviewer and interviewee

new member

joined group; still an outsider; and unknown

authority

knowledge of product, field, trends in field, and even research can make salesperson more effective

full member

knows rules and looked to for leadership

what are 5 factors in phrasing questions?

language relevance information level complexity information accessibility

how do we overcome obstacles of language:

languages that exist btw people and cultures

adjourning

leave the group

what are the 7 types of learning styles?

linguistic logical/mathematical spatial musical bodily/kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal

new business

list of items for discussion and action

explain ways to manage conflict: evaluations and criticism in the workplace

listen carefully, seperating subjective, personal attacks from objective, constructive requests for improvement

logos

logic of speaker's presentation

what are the 3 original cognate strategies

logos pathos ethos

body

main content area of your speech, naturally turn on one of the organizational patterns

2 ways visual aids can help your presentation:

make speech more interesting enhance credibility as a speaker

why is presentation organization important?

makes it easier for listeners/audience to understand what you are talking about

spatial

maps, charts, graphic organizers, painting/drawing, visual aids, working w/ pics/colors

message

meaning that is being produced by the source for the audience

exposition vs. interpretation

meeting audience's needs, not your own

forming

members coming together, determine purpose of group

5 stages of conversation as a ritual: closing

mentioning a time, date, or place for future communication can signal the conversation concluded

influence of numbers in groups:

more than 8 members, challenge to have equal participation

our need to know

motivates us to grow and learn

how does persuasion differ from motivation

motivation involves force, stimulus, or influence to bring about change

reciprocity

mutual expectation for exchange of value/service

inverted funnel/pyramid

narrow, close-ended questions, and broader, open-ended questions ask "specific questions" & gradually more "general questions"

fairness in communication

need of being fair to the audience Ex: mutuality, nonjudgmentalism, honesty, and respect

sense of love and belonging

need to be a part of family, community, or group

explain ways to manage conflict: determine the speakers' intent

need to take notes and write down questions that come to mind to address when it's your turn to speak

ex-member

no longer considered a member

marginal member

no longer involved

situational constraints

noisy room or lack of privacy

emblems

nonverbal gestures that carry specific meaning, can replace/reinforce words

information level

not asking questions that will insult interviewee's intelligence. Ex: "How do you feel about the Royal Family?"

What should an elevator speech not include

not to rattle off much information in a short time, nor present a 30 second advertising message

adjournment

note time, date, place meeting adjourned and indicate when the meeting is scheduled.

reading of the minutes

notes are read from the last meeting

confirmation

offers audience evidence to support your argument

expectation

often unstated, eager anticipation of the norms, roles, and outcomes of the speaker and the speech

how is conversation a ritual

one of the main ways we interact in the business environment and it's ripe for misunderstandings

why should open-ended questions be used over close-ended questions?

open-ended questions are used to provide deep, meaningful, and thoughtful answers

5 stages of telephone conversation

opening feedforward business feedback closing

5 stages of conversation as a ritual: feedback

opportunity to make sure the interaction was successful the first time

arrangement

order/organization of visual (verbal ) elements

report

organize info around key events, discoveries, or technical data & provide context and illustration of your audience.

sequence transition

outlines hierarchical order or series of steps in speech

explain ways to manage conflict: paraphrase

paraphrasing main points can help address common response

Emotions are universal

part of every conservation of interaction that we have

point of view

perception of an idea from previous experience and understanding

scarcity

perception of inadequate supply or a limited resource

source

person giving the speech

testimony

personal experience

increase consideration

persuade members who are hostile views or perhaps are neutral and simply curious to agree on your viewpoint

Complexity

phrase questions that are clear, simple requests for limited amounts of information EX: "How and why did you begin your photography career?"

slogans

phrases that express the goals Ex: "America Runs on Dunkin."

conflict

physical/psychological struggle associated w/ perception of opposing/incompatible goals, desires, demands, wants, or needs

what are Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

physiological needs safety sense of love and belonging self-esteem self-actualization our need to know experience beauty

what are 3 best ways to incorporate nonverbal into a presentation?

positions on stage gestures facial gestures

how can we use Powerpoint, videos, and color in visual aids:

powerpoint: present visual info to audience, reinforcing verbal message videos: amplify and illustrate main points, not reproduce everything color: color associated with word and reflected in your choice

how do we prepare employment interviews

prepare for standard questions about education and background, also see the opening to discuss the job duties, challenges inherent in the job, and ways in which you believe you can meet these challenges.

exordium

prepares audience to consider your argument

elevator speech

presentation that persuades listener in less than 30 seconds, or around a hundred words

explain ways to manage conflict: face-detracting and face-saving

preserve relationship, then consideration of face-saving strategy should be one option when addressing negative news/info

types of groups

primary: meet most, if not all, of one's needs secondary: meet some, but not all needs

logical/mathematical

problem-solving, graphic organizers, categorizing, classifying, working with patterns and relationships

rapport

process of creating goodwill and trust btw interviewer and interviewee

elimination

process of elimination involves outlining all the possibilities

organization

process of sorting information into logical categories or series

circular argument

proposition is used to prove itself

conclusion

provides audience with sense of closure by summarizing main points and relating points to overall topic

narration

provides audience with the necessary background/context 4 your argument

explain ways to manage conflict: listen without interrupting

providing space free of interruption, are displaying respect for individual and the info

what influences selection, the principles of organization and how interpretation influences our perceptions.

proximity, continuation, similarity, and closure. Interpretation influences your decisions and make you look at things differently

emotions

psychological and physical reaction (fear or anger) to stimuli that we experience as a feeling

exposition

public exhibition or display, often expressing complex topic in a way that makes essay in journalism course

feedforward

purpose and tone of conversation are established

subject line

purpose statement

increase understanding

putting things (pie graph, bar charts, video clip) in speech to help audience better understand what you are saying.

credibility

qualities, capabilities, or power to elicit from audience belief in your character

what is the best way to prepare your info search and how do you make it ethical?

question the credibility of the information

attention statement

raise interest and motivate the listener

linguistic

reading, oral presentations (debates, reports, and storytelling)

audience

receiver/listeners

what are the 6 principles of persuasion

reciprocity scarcity authority commitment and consistency consensus liking

positive and negative member roles: recorder

records ideas, examples, suggestions and critiques

8 types of fallacies to avoid:

red herring straw man begging the question circular argument ad populum ad hominem non sequitur post hoc ergo propter hoc

place

refers to location, often in spatially organized speech, of one point of emphasis to another.

stimulate

reinforce existing beliefs, intensify them, bring them to forefront

complementing

reinforcing verbal communication

positive and negative member role: special-interest pleader

relates discussion to special interest/personal agenda

positive and negative member role: recognition seeker

relates discussion to their accomplishments; seeks attention

communication:

relationship that involves interaction btw participants.

dimensions of self

remind us that we are not fixed - that freedom to change combined with ability to reflect, anticipate, plan allows us to improve, learn adapt our surroundings

repeating

repeating verbal communication

reports

required if groups working on something specific

description

requires emphasis on language that is vivid, captures attention and excites the imagination.

5 stages of conversation as a ritual: initiation

requires you to be open to interact

clarification

restates or further develops a main idea or point

musical

rhythmic patterns and exercises, singing, music performance

quotes

sayings that come from written or verbal messages Ex: "Don't let yesterday take up too much of today."

what factors should you consider when preparing and conducting a successful interview?

schedule the time and place for the interview prepare interview space inform yourself on interviewee & read resumes, applications, and other paperwork review info position the interviewee is applying for, including job descriptions, responsibilities, or long-range goals create an organized list/schedule or questions you will use to gather the info you will need to make an informed decision about the interviewee

positive and negative member role: joker or clown

seeks attention through humor and distracts group members

perception: 3-part process

selection organization interpretation

type of leadership: autocratic leader

self-directed and often establishes norms and conduct for the group

what are 8 functions of informative?

share increase understanding change perceptions gain skills exposition vs. interpretation exposition interpretation & bias point of view

what is a thesis statement

should be short, specific sentence capturing the central idea of your speech.

why is this important to recognize when examining your audience

shows how you view yourself and others within your community

feedback

signal that business is concluded

information accessibility

situational constraints social constraints psychology constraints

8 components of communication:

source message channel receiver feedback environment context interference

8 types of nonverbal communication

space time physical characteristics body movements touch paralanguage artifacts environment

what are the mistakes to avoid in an elevator speech

speak naturally slow it down use one pitch for most (but not all) occasions make it easy to understand

continuance

speaker aims to persuade the audience to continue doing what they have been doing

adoption

speaker wants to persuade the audience to take on a new way of thinking, or adopt a new idea

ethos

speaker's character and expertise

diamond/hour glass

specific, close-ended questions, ask general, open-ended questions, and specific, close-ended questions

what are the general purposes for presentations? and what is a specific purpose?

speech to inform speech to demonstrate speech to persuade speech to entertain ceremonial speech

leading questions

state expected answer in question EX: "Wouldn't you agree that older homes have more charm than modern ones?"

problem and solution

state the problem and detail how it was solved

sound bites

statements that focuses on the point of the message Ex: "Ask not what your country can do for you -- ask what you can do for your country."

sign

statistics, facts, or cases indicate meaning

functions of persuasion

stimulate convince call to action increase consideration develop tolerance of alternate perspectives

Neutral

straight-forward answer; questions that are asked in interview are neutral Ex: "What is your favorite color?"

emphasis

stressing importance of some aspects of your speech

psychology constraints

string emotions associated with a topic Ex: talking about politics

tunnel

string of beads questions, allows for little probing and variation, useful for simple, surface information interviews, but not for in-depth interviews

time (chronological)

structing by time shows a series of events/steps in process

classification (categorical)

structuring by classification establishes categories

organizational communication

study of communication context, environment, and interaction within an org

business

substance of conversation

masking

substituting more appropriate displays for less appropriate displays

positive and negative member roles: initiator-coordinator

suggest new ideas/new ways of looking at problem

conclusion

summarize key points

what is measurable gain

system of assessing the extent to which audience members respond to persuasive message

improving perceptions of your audience

tailor your communications to reach them EX: becoming an active perceiver, recognize each person's unique frame of reference, recognize that ppl, objects, and situations change, become aware of the role perceptions play in communication

what are tips you can use to help practice an elevator speech

take your time make it conversational express confidence

what are the roles of a meeting in the business setting?

teleconferencing and videoconferencing

groupthink

tendency to accept group's ideas and actions in spite of individual concerns, can also compromise the process and reduce efficiency.

ceremonial

thank dignitaries and representatives mention importance of the event thank the audience for their participation in event

toast (weddings or similar gatherings)

thank everyone 4 coming discuss important of event (wedding) mention relationship of couple to audience/speaker to the person being celebrate add one short sentence optional: conclude, thanking audience for participating in event

awards

thank everyone for coming together discuss history and importance of award give brief biography of person who will receive it announce the recipient of award present the award award recipient may give a speech transition to next item/thank everyone for participating

speaker introductions

thanking everyone brief biography or person will speak/establish their credibility discuss speaker and his/her topic announce name of speaker, & possibly once their speech has concluded transition to next item or thank everyone for participating

explain how the audience relates to an elevator speech

the more you know the audience, the better the speech. -when tailor the message to target audience, increases the effectiveness of the message

good of the other

time for ppl to offer news that relates to the topic of the meeting

main parts of agenda:

title header participants subject line call to order introductions roll call reading of the minutes old business new business reports good of the other adjournment

title header

title, date, location, phone number, email contact, any other info necessary to get all participants together

what are the steps you should take to prepare an informative presentation?

topic: product/service? who are you? who is target market? what is the revenue model? what are the specifications? how was the info gathered? how does the unit work? how does current info compare to previous info? how does current info compare to previous info?

2 models of communication:

transactional model constructivist model

differences btw constructivist & transactional model

transactional: both ppl are known as communicators constructivist: focused on shared understanding

experience beauty

transcends that stops you in your tracks

explain ways to manage conflict: learn from experience

try to distinguish btw what you can control and what you cannot, and always choose professionalism

explain ways to manage conflict: gunnysacking

try to focus on energies where they will make the positive impact

social constraints

unwillingness to praise ourselves

funnel

use "broad, open-ended questions" and more narrow close-ended questions

what are helpful hints for visual aids?

use one key idea avoid noise and clutter slides use large, bold fonts use contrasting colors 4 dynamic effect use analogous colors to unify presentation use clip art w/ permission and sparingly edit & proofread each slide w/ care and caution use copies of visuals available as handouts after presentation check presentation room beforehand with powerpoint, have back plan

what role to transitions play in presentations

used by speaker to guide the audience in progression from one significant idea, concept, or point to the next issue

close-end questions

used when trying to elicit specific info or set stage for more complex questions Ex: "How many years did you work for your last employer?"

contrast

using contrasting points highlights differences btw items and concepts

object-adaptors

using objects for a purpose other than its intended design

language

using specific words that interviewees will understand Ex: "How are you doing today?"

Rules of self-disclosure

usually moves in small steps moves from impersonal to intimate info is reciprocal involves risk involves trust

gain skills

want the audience to learn something

what are 3 visual cues you should observe in the audience

watch reactions enroll an observer focus on specific type of nonverbal communication

attention statement

way you focus the audiecne's attention on you and your speech

straw man

weak argument; distracting attention from stronger arguments

What key questions should an elevator speech include

what is the topic, product, or service? who are you who is the target market (if applicable) what is the revenue model(if applicable) what/who is the competition and what are your advantages?

self-concept

what we perceive ourselves to be and involves aspects to self-esteem

generalization

whatever is true of a good example/sample

opening

when both identify themselves

how does your self-inventory help with topic choice?

when you do a little exploring, it can help come up several topics

context

where the situation takes place (classroom, conference)

call to order

who will call the meeting to order?

emotions are communicated verbally and nonverbally

words being communicated part of your message, nonverbal cues modify or contradict your spoken message

explain ways to manage conflict: if you disagree

words spoken in anger can have lasting impact and are impossible to retrieve or take back

commitment & consistency

writing it down, sign something, more likely to follow them

interpretation

your own viewpoint of explaining things